Table 1.
Demographic, clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcome of 166 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.
| Characteristics | Patients without ARDS (n = 129) | Patients with ARDS (n = 37) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic data | |||
| Male sex | 56 (43) | 22 (60) | 0.095 |
| Age (year)a | 56 ± 17 | 72 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| 20-59c | 67 (96) | 3 (4) | <0.001 |
| ≥60c | 62 (65) | 34 (35) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2)a | 23.7 ± 3.3 | 25.2 ± 3.1 | 0.029 |
|
| |||
| Comorbidity | |||
| Hypertensionc | 38 (30) | 21 (57) | 0.002 |
| Use of ACEi or ARBc | 19 (15) | 7 (19) | 0.420 |
| Diabetes mellitusc | 19 (15) | 13 (35) | 0.006 |
| Chronic cardiac diseased | 10 (8) | 1 (3) | 0.459 |
| Chronic pulmonary diseased | 4 (3) | 4 (11) | 0.075 |
| Chronic kidney diseased | 2 (2) | 4 (11) | 0.023 |
| Neurologic disorderc | 5 (4) | 6 (16) | 0.008 |
| Dementiad | 3 (2) | 5 (14) | 0.014 |
|
| |||
| Symptom at presentation | |||
| Asymptomaticd | 5 (4) | 0 (0) | 0.588 |
| Respiratory symptoms | |||
| Coughc | 79 (61) | 22 (60) | 0.804 |
| Sputumc | 60 (47) | 18 (49) | 0.849 |
| Rhinorrhead | 11 (9) | 2 (5) | 0.734 |
| Sore throatd | 26 (20) | 2 (5) | 0.044 |
| Dyspneac | 47 (36) | 26 (70) | <0.001 |
| Nonrespiratory symptoms | |||
| Feverc | 82 (64) | 31 (84) | 0.023 |
| Myalgiac | 50 (39) | 7 (19) | 0.022 |
| Headached | 47 (36) | 4 (11) | 0.002 |
| Altered consciousnessd | 2 (2) | 3 (8) | 0.074 |
| Nausea or vomitingc | 10 (8) | 5 (14) | 0.295 |
| Diarrheac | 24 (19) | 5 (14) | 0.450 |
|
| |||
| Lung infiltration on chest X-ray at presentation | |||
| No infiltration | 78 (60) | 2 (5) | <0.001 |
| Infiltration on chest X-ray (%)a | 8 ± 15 | 41 ± 27 | <0.001 |
|
| |||
| Laboratory finding at presentation | |||
| White blood cell count (/mm3)b | 5500 (4505, 7280) | 7400 (4945, 9805) | 0.001 |
| Neutrophil count (/mm3)b | 3582 (2503, 4788) | 6433 (3719, 7903) | <0.001 |
| Neutrophil %a | 64 ± 12 | 82 ± 10 | <0.001 |
| Lymphocyte count (/mm3)a | 1470 ± 658 | 803 ± 419 | <0.001 |
| Lymphocyte %a | 26 ± 11 | 12 ± 7 | <0.001 |
| Platelet (×103/mm3)a | 246 ± 101 | 176 ± 63 | <0.001 |
| Aspartate transaminase (U/L)b,e | 31 (24, 44) | 48 (37, 68) | <0.001 |
| Alanine transaminase (U/L)b,e | 23 (15, 38) | 25 (14, 44) | 0.933 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL)b,f | 0.69 (0.51, 0.96) | 0.84 (0.70, 1.31) | 0.009 |
| Glucose (mg/dL)b,g | 116 (97, 134) | 139 (120, 171) | <0.001 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)b,h | 13 (10, 16) | 20 (12, 28) | 0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL)b,f | 0.76 (0.63, 0.95) | 0.89 (0.69, 1.25) | 0.023 |
| Lactate (mg/dL)b,i | 1.9 (1.2, 2.5) | 1.6 (1.3, 2.2) | 0.689 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L)b,j | 1.2 (0.1, 5.4) | 16.4 (7.8, 21.9) | <0.001 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L)b,k | 501 (400, 678) | 811 (557, 1164) | <0.001 |
| Procalcitoninb,l | 0.04 (0.02, 0.08) | 0.37 (0.12, 0.81) | <0.001 |
|
| |||
| Outcome | |||
| O2 supply during the hospital stayd | 34 (26) | 37 (100) | <0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilationd | 20 (14) | 17 (94) | <0.001 |
| Deathd | 3 (2) | 16 (43) | <0.001 |
Categorical variables were expressed as number (%) and were compared using Pearson's chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test. Pearson's chi-square test was applied if all expected frequencies have 5 or more counts, and Fisher's exact test was applied if expected frequency has less than 5. Kolmogorov-Smirnov's test was used for normality in continuous variables. (a) Expressed as means ± standard deviation and compared by Student's t-test. (b) Expressed as median (interquartile range) and compared by Mann–Whitney U test. (c) Fisher's exact test was used to evaluate statistical significance. (d) Pearson's chi-squared test was used to evaluate statistical significance. (e) Measured in 127 non-ARDS and 37 ARDS patients. (f) Measured in 123 non-ARDS and 37 ARDS patients. (g) Measured in 120 non-ARDS and 36 ARDS patients. (h) Measured in 128 non-ARDS and 37 ARDS patients. (i) Measured in 48 non-ARDS and 34 ARDS patients. (j) Measured in 125 non-ARDS and 35 ARDS patients. (k) Measured in 122 non-ARDS and 35 ARDS patients. (l) Measured in 117 non-ARDS and 33 ARDS patients. Acronyms: ARDS = acute respiratory distress syndrome; ACEi = angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker.