Table 1.
Violence variables and covariates for the association between past-year violence victimization and viral load failure among adolescents and young adults living with HIV in Ndola, Zambia (n = 272), stratified by viral load failure
| Total 272 (100%) | Viral load | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No failure 172 (63.2%) | Failure 100 (36.8%) | p value | ||
| Any victimization | ||||
| No violence | 72 (26.5%) | 46 (26.7%) | 26 (26.0%) | 0.89 |
| Any physical violence, psychological abuse, or forced sex | 200 (73.5%) | 126 (73.3%) | 74 (74.0%) | |
| Frequency of any victimization | ||||
| No violence (scores of 0) | 72 (26.5%) | 46 (26.7%) | 26 (26.0%) | 0.21 |
| Single act of violence (scores of 1) | 31 (11.4%) | 22 (12.8%) | 9 (9.0%) | |
| Moderate frequency (scores of 2–11) | 150 (55.2%) | 96 (55.8%) | 54 (54.0%) | |
| High frequency (scores of 12–42) | 19 (7.0%) | 8 (4.7%) | 11 (11.0%) | |
| Polyvictimization | ||||
| No violence | 72 (26.4%) | 46 (26.7%) | 26 (26.0%) | 0.77 |
| 1 type of violence | 93 (34.2%) | 61 (35.5%) | 32 (32.0%) | |
| 2 or 3 types of violence | 107 (39.3%) | 65 (37.8%) | 42 (42.0%) | |
| Type of victimization | ||||
| Severity-times-frequency of physical violence | ||||
| No physical violence (scores of 0) | 144 (52.9%) | 94 (54.7%) | 50 (50.0%) | 0.72 |
| Single act of physical violence (scores of 1) | 34 (12.5%) | 21 (12.2%) | 13 (13.0%) | |
| Moderate severity-times-frequency (scores of 2–7) | 56 (20.6%) | 36 (20.9%) | 20 (20.0%) | |
| High severity-times-frequency (scores of 8–42) | 38 (14.0%) | 21 (12.2%) | 17 (17.0%) | |
| Frequency of psychological abuse | ||||
| No psychological abuse (scores of 0) | 96 (35.3%) | 61 (35.5%) | 35 (35.0%) | 0.03 |
| Single act of psychological abuse (scores of 1) | 31 (11.4%) | 21 (12.2%) | 10 (10.0%) | |
| Moderate frequency (scores of 2–5) | 111 (40.8%) | 76 (44.2%) | 35 (35.0%) | |
| High frequency (scores of 6–18) | 34 (12.5%) | 14 (8.1%) | 20 (20.0%) | |
| Forced sex | ||||
| No forced sex | 258 (94.9%) | 164 (95.4%) | 94 (94.0%) | 0.63 |
| Any forced sex | 14 (5.2%) | 8 (4.7%) | 6 (6.0%) | |
| Perpetrator of violence | ||||
| Physical violence from a: | ||||
| Parent/caregiver | 42 (15.4%) | 26 (15.1%) | 16 (16.0%) | 0.84 |
| Other family member | 39 (14.3%) | 18 (10.5%) | 21 (21.0%) | 0.08 |
| Romantic partner | 16 (5.9%) | 12 (7.0%) | 4 (4.0%) | 0.31 |
| Friend/peer | 44 (16.2%) | 20 (11.6%) | 24 (24.0%) | 0.008 |
| Psychological abuse from a: | ||||
| Parent/caregiver | 39 (14.3%) | 29 (16.9%) | 10 (10.0%) | 0.12 |
| Other family member | 68 (25.0%) | 34 (19.8%) | 34 (34.0%) | 0.009 |
| Romantic partner | 24 (8.8%) | 16 (9.3%) | 8 (8.0%) | 0.72 |
| Friend/peer | 99 (36.4%) | 60 (34.9%) | 39 (39.0%) | 0.50 |
| Covariates | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 111 (40.8%) | 66 (38.4%) | 45 (45.0%) | 0.28 |
| Female | 161 (59.2%) | 106 (61.6%) | 55 (55.0%) | |
| Age | ||||
| 15–19 | 173 (63.6%) | 107 (62.2%) | 66 (66.0%) | 0.53 |
| 20–24 | 99 (36.4%) | 65 (37.8%) | 34 (34.0%) | |
| Primary school (n = 271) | ||||
| Completed | 240 (88.2%) | 151 (87.8%) | 90 (90.0%) | 0.58 |
| Did not complete | 32 (11.8%) | 21 (12.2%) | 10 (10.0%) | |
| Mode of HIV acquisition | ||||
| From parents | 198 (72.8%) | 123 (71.5%) | 75 (75.0%) | 0.10 |
| Through sex | 27 (9.9%) | 22 (12.8%) | 5 (5.0%) | |
| Another way/don't know/refused | 47 (17.3%) | 27 (15.7%) | 20 (20.0%) | |
| Time on antiretroviral therapy (n = 269) | ||||
| 6 months to < 3 years | 62 (22.8%) | 42 (24.4%) | 20 (20.0%) | 0.44 |
| 3 to < 6 years | 44 (16.2%) | 30 (17.4%) | 14 (14.0%) | |
| 6+ years | 166 (61.0%) | 100 (58.1%) | 66 (66.0%) | |
| Orphanhood | ||||
| None | 73 (26.8%) | 49 (28.5%) | 24 (24.0%) | 0.68 |
| Single orphan | 112 (41.2%) | 68 (39.5%) | 44 (44.0%) | |
| Double orphan | 87 (32.0%) | 55 (32.0%) | 32 (32.0%) | |
| Clinic | ||||
| 1 | 144 (52.9%) | 85 (49.4%) | 59 (59.0%) | 0.34 |
| 2 | 35 (12.9%) | 26 (15.1%) | 9 (9.0%) | |
| 3 | 64 (23.5%) | 43 (25.0%) | 21 (21.0%) | |
| 4 | 29 (10.7%) | 18 (10.5%) | 11 (11.0%) | |
Percentages are column percentages. Frequency of any victimization scores were generated by summing each act’s frequency (never-0, once-1, a few times-2, many times-3) across 14 acts of violence. Severity-times-frequency of physical violence scores were generated by multiplying the act’s severity level (moderate-1, severe-2) by its frequency (never-0, once-1, a few times-2, many times-3), and summing across 7 acts of physical violence. Frequency of psychological abuse scores were generated by summing each act’s frequency (never-0, once-1, a few times-2, many times-3) across 6 acts of psychological abuse. Categories for violence scores were determined based on locally-weighted scatterplot smoothing (lowess) plots for the association between the variable and viral load failure. P values are chi-square tests