Table 1.
Participant demographics and treatment outcome.
| Measure | Immediate Treatment (N=36) | Patient Waitlist (N=30) | F/χ2 (p value) | Cohen’s d (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean or N and % of Group (SD) | Mean or N and % of Group (SD) | |||
| Age (yrs) | 34.42 (10.23) | 39.03 (10.35) | -- | -- |
| Education (yrs) | 14.72 (2.17) | 15.17 (2.78) | -- | -- |
| Sex | Male (N=13; 36%) | Male (N=10; 33%) | -- | -- |
| Female (N=23; 64%) | Female (N=20; 66%) | |||
| WASI Full Scale IQ | 109.03 (9.09) | 112.81 (11.57) | -- | -- |
| SSRI/SNRI Meds | Sertraline (N=1; 3%) | Duloxetine (N=1; 3%) | -- | -- |
| Citalopram (N=2; 5%) | Sertraline (N=1; 3%) | |||
| MDD Diagnosis at Intake | Yes (N=18; 50%) | Yes (N=17; 57%) | -- | -- |
| No (N=18; 50%) | No (N=13; 43%) | |||
| Dropout | Completed (N=25; 69%) | Completed (N=26; 87%) | -- | -- |
| Did not complete (N=11; 31%) | Did not complete (N=4; 13%) | |||
| CAPS Index Trauma | Natural disaster (N=3; 8%) | Natural disaster (N=1; 3%) | -- | -- |
| Physical Assault (N=9; 25%) | Physical assault (N=7; 23%) | |||
| Assault w/ weapon (N=3; 8%) | Assault w/ weapon (N=2; 7%) | |||
| Sexual assault (N=12; 33%) | Sexual assault (N=9; 30%) | |||
| Combat exposure (N=4; 11%) | Combat exposure (N=4; 13%) | |||
| Injury/illness/suffering (N=5; 14%) | Injury/illness/suffering (N=7; 23%) | |||
| Pre-Treatment Symptom/Quality of Life Measures | ||||
| CAPS: Developmental Stage at Time of Index Trauma | Adult (N=20; 56%) | Adult (N=14; 47%) | -- | -- |
| Teen (N=8; 22%) | Teen (N=11; 37%) | |||
| Child (N=8; 22%) | Child (N=5; 17%) | |||
| CAPS: How Exposed to Index Trauma | Experienced (N=27; 75%) | Experienced (N=17; 57%) | -- | -- |
| Witnessed (N=9; 25%) | Witnessed (N=13; 43%) | |||
| CAPS: Index Trauma Repeated? | No (N=25; 69%) | No (N=20; 66%) | -- | -- |
| Yes (N=11; 31%) | Yes (N=10; 33%) | |||
| CAPS: Multiple Criterion A Events? | No (N=24; 66%) | No (N=20; 66%) | -- | -- |
| Yes (N=12; 33%) | Yes (N=10; 33%) | |||
| CAPS Total | 66.33 (15.17) | 71.37 (14.99) | -- | -- |
| CAPS ReExp | 17.53 (6.40) | 18.73 (6.02) | -- | -- |
| CAPS Avd | 26.94 (7.86) | 28.77 (8.89) | -- | -- |
| CAPS Hyper | 21.86 (6.28) | 23.87 (4.91) | -- | -- |
| BDI-II Total | 23.69 (8.68) | 23.17 (8.60) | -- | -- |
| PCL-C Total | 56.16 (10.61) | 57.36 (12.04) | -- | -- |
| PCL-C ReExp | 16.47 (3.83) | 16.29 (3.98) | -- | -- |
| PCL-C Avd | 22.78 (5.05) | 23.04 (6.02) | -- | -- |
| PCL-C Hyper | 16.91 (4.22) | 18.04 (4.19) | -- | -- |
| WHO-QoL Physical | 12.46 (2.99) | 12.43 (3.11) | -- | -- |
| WHO-QoL Psych | 10.04 (2.29) | 10.83 (2.34) | -- | -- |
| WHO-QoL SocRx | 9.71 (4.06) | 9.29 (3.51) | -- | -- |
| WHO-QoL Envir | 12.30 (3.48) | 12.79 (3.37) | -- | -- |
| Post-Treatment Symptom/Quality of Life Measures | ||||
| CAPS Total | 29.60 (21.26) | 64.23 (21.77) | 32.99 (< 0.001)*** | 1.61 (1.14, 2.08) |
| CAPS ReExp | 6.20 (6.49) | 16.92 (7.97) | 27.62 (< 0.001)*** | 1.48 (1.03, 1.92) |
| CAPS Avd | 10.60 (9.50) | 24.50 (11.30) | 22.51 (< 0.001)*** | 1.33 (0.92, 1.74) |
| CAPS Hyper | 12.80 (8.75) | 22.81 (7.00) | 20.43 (< 0.001)*** | 1.26 (0.86, 1.66) |
| BDI-II Total | 9.69 (7.77) | 17.87 (9.27) | 11.23 (0.002)** | 0.96 (0.60, 1.31) |
| MASQ Gen Dis | 20.43 (9.39) | 28.38 (8.89) | 8.68 (0.004)** | 0.87 (0.51,1.23) |
| MASQ Anh Dep | 33.21 (8.63) | 35.95 (7.94) | 2.93 (0.09) | 0.33 (0.08, 0.58) |
| MASQ Anx Aro | 16.52 (7.2) | 22.09 (8.01) | 6.29 (0.014)* | 0.73 (0.40, 1.06) |
| PCL-C Total | 26.13 (7.80) | 49.00 (13.35) | 45.55 (< 0.001)*** | 2.09 (1.45, 2.73) |
| PCL-C ReExp | 7.41 (2.63) | 14.38 (5.14) | 31.76 (< 0.001)*** | 1.71 (1.16, 2.26) |
| PCL-C Avd | 10.36 (3.36) | 19.24 (6.32) | 33.46 (< 0.001)*** | 1.75 (1.19, 2.32) |
| PCL-C Hyper | 8.41 (3.11) | 15.38 (4.15) | 39.05 (< 0.001)*** | 1.90 (1.31, 2.49) |
| WHO-QoL Physical | 14.63 (3.29) | 12.65 (3.19) | 4.09 (0.049)* | 0.61 (0.30, 0.92) |
| WHO-QoL Psych | 13.19 (2.59) | 11.94 (2.52) | 2.63 (0.11) | 0.49 (0.21, 0.77) |
| WHO-QoL SocRx | 11.83 (3.20) | 10.73 (3.20) | 1.29 (0.26) | 0.34 (0.09, 0.59) |
| WHO-QoL Envir | 14.59 (2.42) | 13.57 (2.99) | 1.55 (0.22) | 0.38 (0.12, 0.63) |
Avd = avoidance/numbing subscale; BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory-II; CAPS = Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-IV; Hyper = hyperarousal subscale; MASQ Anh Dep = Anhedonic Depression subscale of Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire; MASQ Anx Aro = Anxious Arousal Subscale of Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire; MASQ Gen Dis = General Distress subscale of Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire; MDD = major depressive disorder; PCL = PTSD Checkist for DSM-IV Civilian Version; ReExp = reexperiencing subscale; SSRI = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; SNRI = serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; WASI = Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence; WHO-QoL = WHO Quality of Life BREF Scale; WHO-Qol Physical = physical health subscale; WHO-QoL Psych = psychological health subscale; WHO-QoL SocRx = social relationships subscale; WHO-QoL Environ = environment subscale
p < 0.05
p < 0.01
p < 0.001.