Table 1.

Major studies of interactions between host genetic variations and environmental exposures in gastrointestinal cancers

Environmental exposure	Gene (References)
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
Smoking	ADH1B and ALDH2 (Tanaka et al. 2010) RNF144A (Dong et al. 2018)
Recurrent gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms	RND3 (Dong et al. 2018).
Gastric adenocarcinoma
Helicobacter pylori infection	PSCA (Cai et al. 2017)
Alcohol drinking	SLC52A3 (Cai et al. 2017)
Colorectal carcinoma
Processed meat or total red meat	NAT2 (Wang et al. 2015a)
Vegetables	EIF3H (Hutter et al. 2012)
Smoking	SMAD7 and TGFBR1 (Zhong et al. 2013)
Alcohol drinking	MFSD14B (Gong et al. 2016) DUSP10 (Song et al. 2018)
Aspirin and/or anti-inflammatory drugs use	MGST1, IL16 (Nan et al. 2015; Nan et al. 2013).
Use of estrogen plus progesterone therapy	CYP24A1 (Garcia-Albeniz et al. 2016)
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatitis B virus infection	STAT4, HLA-DQA1 (Jiang et al. 2013)
Pancreatic cancer
Smoking	XRCC3 (Duell et al. 2008) EPHX1 (Jang et al. 2012)
Obesity	IGF1 (Nakao et al. 2011) FTO and ADIPOQ (Tang et al. 2011)
Alcohol drinking	IGF2R, IRS1 (Dong et al. 2012)
Diabetes mellitus	PTGS1 (Tang et al. 2014)