Self-assembling, phage-derived, and plant-derived NPs are labeled in black, red, and blue, respectively. The inset shows TMV from the cross-sectional view (left) and side view (right). Scale bars denote 20-nm. NP structures were generated in ChimeraX using Protein Data Bank ID codes 1shs (sHsp), 1mfr (ferritin), 1b5s (E2), 5fmo (CPMV), 2ms2 (MS2), 1F15 (CMV), 3iyh (P22), and 6R7M (TMV).