Table 4. Clinical trial progress of recombinant viral vector vaccine platforms.

Abbreviations: AAV (adeno-associated virus vector), Ad (adenovirus vector), FDA (US Food and Drug Administration), Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), HPV (human papillomavirus), RTS,S (RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine (trade name Mosquirix™)), TB (tuberculosis), VSV (vesicular stomatitis virus).

Scaffold Platform	Type of infectious disease	Disease	Clinical Status	References
HBsAg	Parasitic	Malaria	Pre-clinical, Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, FDA approved	(RTS,S Clinical Trials Partnership, 2015) (Dobano et al., 2019a) (Doolan et al., 2009) (Vrieze, 2019) (Asante et al., 2020) (Dobano et al., 2019b) (Sanchez et al., 2020)
Ad	Bacterial	TB	Pre-clinical, Phase 1, Phase 2	(Matthews et al., 2013) (Ura & Shimada, 2014) (van Zyl-Smit et al., 2017)
	Viral	HIV	Pre-clinical, Phase 1, Phase 2	(Choi & Chang, 2013) (Matthews et al., 2013) (Ura et al, 2014)
		Influenza	Pre-clinical, Phase 1, Phase 2	(Ura & Shimada, 2014) (Lauer et al., 2017) (Liebowitz et al., 2020)
		SARS-CoV-2	Pre-clinical, Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3	(BioRender, 2020) (Zhu et al., 2020)
		Ebola virus	Pre-clinical, Phase 1, Phase 2	(Lauer et al., 2017) (Rauch et al., 2018)
	Parasitic	Malaria	Pre-clinical, Phase 1, Phase 2	(Choi & Chang, 2013) (Matthews et al., 2013) (Ramezanpour et al., 2016)
AAV	Viral	HIV	Pre-clinical, Phase 1, Phase 2	(Ura & Shimada, 2014) (Nieto & Salvetti, 2014) (Ramezanpour et al., 2016) (Vardas et al., 2010)
		HPV	Pre-clinical, Phase 1	(Ura & Shimada, 2014) (Nieto & Salvetti, 2014) (ClinicalTrials.gov, 2020a)
		Influenza (H1N1)	Pre-clinical	(Ura & Shimada, 2014) (Nieto & Salvetti, 2014) (Demminger et al., 2020)
		Hepatitis C	Pre-clinical, Phase 1, Phase 2	(Zhu et al., 2019) (Naso et al., 2017)
VSV	Viral	Ebola virus	Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, FDA approved	(Rauch et al., 2018) (FDA, 2020a) (Ollmann, 2020)
Alphavirus	Viral	HIV	Pre-clinical, Phase 1, Phase 2	(Choi & Chang, 2013) (Ramezanpour et al., 2016)
		Influenza	Pre-clinical, Phase 1, Phase 2	(Choi & Chang, 2013) (Ramezanpour et al., 2016)
Poxvirus	Viral	HIV	Pre-clinical, Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3	(Choi & Chang, 2013) (Ura & Shimada, 2014) (Pitisuttithum et al., 2020) (Laher et al., 2020) (Levy et al., 2020)
		Smallpox	Pre-clinical, Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3	(Ura & Shimada, 2014) (Pittman et al., 2019)
		Influenza	Pre-clinical, Phase 1, Phase 2	(Lauer et al., 2017) (Kreijtz et al., 2014)
		TB	Pre-clinical, Phase 1	(Choi & Chang, 2013) (Minhinnick et al, 2016) (Wilkie et al., 2020)
	Parasitic	Malaria	Pre-clinical, Phase1, Phase 2	(Choi & Chang, 2013) (de Barra et al,. 2014)