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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Apr 15.
Published in final edited form as: Mol Cell. 2021 Mar 8;81(8):1640–1650. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.02.020

Figure 3: Cooperation amongst pioneer factors during development.

Figure 3:

A. Simultaneous binding of multiple pioneer factors may be necessary for the formation of accessible chromatin at cis-regulatory elements. For example, during reprogramming of fibroblasts to iPSCs, Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4 are required to function together to define a subset of enhancers. B. Multiple pioneer factors (Zelda, GAGA factor, CLAMP, and Odd-paired (Opa)) function sequentially to regulate early embryonic development in Drosophila. C. Sequential action of pioneer factors can define cell-type specific enhancers that maintain gene expression during differentiation. As ESCs exit naïve pluripotency and become primed EpiLCs, GRHL2 defines novel enhancers to maintain expression of a gene regulatory network necessary for defining EpiLCs.