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In higher mammals, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and heat shock proteins (HSPs) facilitate the shift to anaerobic metabolism. EMP: Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas; FIH: asparagine-targeting factor inhibiting HIF; PEP: phosphoenolpyruvate; PHD: prolyl hydroxylase domain; PK: pyruvate kinase; ROS: reactive oxygen species.
