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. 2021 Apr 16;11:8381. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87737-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) The success plot with decreasing IoU threshold. The model that predicts soft masks is superior to the model that directly predicts bboxes. The former has a success rate of 91.4% for the threshold of 0.3, showing sufficient performance to assist the ERCP procedure. (b) The success plot with increasing centroid distance threshold. The model with soft mask output always performs better than the model with bbox output. Also, the former achieved a high success rate for the challenging threshold of 2%.