Table 1.
Background characteristics of adolescents enrolled in a cross sectional study in Mwanza City, Tanzania (N = 500).
| Characteristic | Male and female N = 500 n (%) |
Male N = 217 n (%) |
Female N = 283 n (%) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographic and economic factors | ||||
| Age (years)1 | 13.9 (0.8) | 14.1 (0.8) | 13.8 (0.8) | 0.0010 |
| Duration of residence in Mwanza City | 0.0020* | |||
| More than 10 years | 426 (85.2) | 197 (90.8) | 229 (80.9) | |
| Wealth index group2 | 0.20* | |||
| Lower | 288 (57.6) | 132 (60.8) | 156 (55.1) | |
| Middle/upper | 212 (42.4) | 85 (39.2) | 127 (44.9) | |
| Measured BP for the first time | 456 (91.2) | 197 (90.8) | 259 (91.5) | 0.77 |
| Behavior factors | ||||
| Ever smoked tobacco | 5 (1.0) | 3 (1.3) | 2 (0.7) | 0.45 |
| Ever drunk alcohol | 46 (9.2) | 31 (14.3) | 15 (5.3) | 0.0010 |
| Fruits servings consumed per day | ||||
| 0 | 311 (62.2) | 137 (63.1) | 174 (61.5) | |
| 1 | 111 (22.2) | 38 (17.5) | 73 (25.8) | 0.062* |
| 2–4 | 61 (12.2) | 33 (15.2) | 28 (9.9) | |
| ≥ 5 | 17 (3.4) | 9 (4.2) | 8 (2.8) | |
| Vegetables servings consumed per day | ||||
| 0 | 398 (79.9) | 179 (82.5) | 219 (77.4) | |
| 1 | 87 (17.4) | 32 (14.8) | 55 (19.4) | 0.36* |
| ≥ 2 | 15 (3.0) | 6 (2.8) | 9 (3.2) | |
| Teaspoons of sugar per day | ||||
| < 10 | 203 (40.6) | 90 (41.5) | 113 (39.9) | 0.73* |
| ≥ 10 | 297 (59.4) | 127 (58.5) | 170 (60.1) | |
| Minutes spent in moderate physical activity per day | 0.55* | |||
| ≥ 60 | 194 (38.8) | 81 (37.4) | 113 (39.9) | |
| Days spent in vigorous physical activity per week | < 0.0001* | |||
| ≥ 3 | 133 (26.6) | 25 (11.5) | 108 (38.2) | |
| Biological factors | ||||
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | ||||
| Underweight | 57 (11.5) | 40 (18.4) | 17 (6.0) | |
| Normal | 405 (80.8) | 170 (78.3) | 235 (83.0) | < 0.0001* |
| Overweight/obesity | 38 (7.7) | 7 (3.2) | 31 (11.0) | |
| Pulse rate (beats/min) | ||||
| < 60 | 25 (5.0) | 23 (10.6) | 2 (0.7) | |
| ≥ 60 to < 90 | 364 (72.8) | 167 (77.0) | 197 (69.6) | < 0.0001* |
| ≥ 90 | 111 (22.2) | 27 (12.4) | 84 (29.7) | |
| Stunted growth3 | 70 (14.0) | 49 (22.6) | 21 (7.4) | < 0.0001 |
| eGFR 4 | ||||
| Normal (≥ 60 ml/min/1.73 m2) | 448 (89.6) | 192 (88.5) | 256 (90.5) | 0.42* |
| Renal dysfunction (< 60 ml/min/1.73 m2) | 52 (10.4) | 25 (11.5) | 27 (9.5) | |
1Mean (SD).
2Wealth Index: an aggregate variable generated by combining data on parents/guardian’s vital status, occupation and ownership of common household items.
3Stunted growth defined according to WHO—height for age below -2 standard deviation (SD).
4 Estimated glomerular filtration rate (calculated using the modified Schwartz equation).
P value: compares males and females.
*p value for 2 or more categories.