Table 2.
Comparison of background characteristics of adolescents with sustained high BP (n = 51) to those with normal BP (n = 449) enrolled to a cross-sectional study.
| Characteristic | Sustained high BP (n = 51), n (%) |
Normal BP (n = 449), n (%) |
P value¥ | Adjusted OR (95%CI)£ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic factors | ||||
| 1Age (years) | 14.0 (0.8) | 13.9 (0.8) | 0.25 | 1.12 (0.78 to 1.60) |
| Sex (female) | 27 (52.9) | 256 (57.0) | 0.58 | 0.87 (0.48 to 1.56) |
| Duration of residence in Mwanza city (≥ 10 years) | 48 (94.1) | 378 (84.2) | 0.06 | |
| 2Wealth index class | ||||
| Lower | 35 (68.6) | 253 (56.4) | 0.09* | |
| Middle/upper | 16 (31.4) | 196 (43.7) | ||
| Measured BP for the first time | 48 (94.1) | 408 (90.9) | 0.44 | |
| Behavior factors | ||||
| Ever smoked tobacco | 2 (3.9) | 3 (0.7) | 0.03 | 6.47 (1.04 to 40.4) |
| Ever drank alcohol | 7 (13.7) | 39 (8.7) | 0.24 | |
| Fruits servings consumed per day | ||||
| 0 | 33 (64.7) | 278 (61.9) | ||
| 1 | 10 (19.6) | 101 (22.5) | 0.88* | |
| 2–4 | 7 (13.7) | 54 (12.0) | ||
| ≥ 5 | 1 (2.0) | 16 (3.6) | ||
| Vegetable serving per day | ||||
| 0 | 39 (76.5) | 359 (80.0) | ||
| 1 | 9 (17.7) | 78 (17.4) | 0.44* | |
| ≥ 2 | 3 (5.9) | 12 (2.7) | ||
| Teaspoons of sugar per day | ||||
| < 10 | 14 (27.5) | 189 (42.1) | 0.04* | Reference |
| ≥ 10 | 37 (72.6) | 260 (57.9) | 1.92 (1.01 to 3.65) | |
| Minutes spent in moderate physical activity per day | ||||
| < 60 | 30 (58.8) | 276 (61.5) | ||
| ≥ 60 | 21 (17.7) | 173 (38.5)) | 0.13* | |
| Days spent in vigorous physical activity per week | ||||
| < 3 days | 42 (82.3) | 325 (72.4) | 0.13* | |
| ≥ 3 days | 9 (17.7) | 124 (27.6) | ||
| Biological factors | ||||
| BMI categories | ||||
| Underweight | 2 (3.9) | 55 (12.3) | 0.25 (0.06 to 1.08) | |
| Normal | 48 (94.1) | 357 (79.5) | 0.04* | Reference |
| Overweight/Obesity | 1 (2.0) | 37 (8.2) | 0.22 (0.03 to 1.65) | |
| Pulse rate | ||||
| < 60 | 5 (9.8) | 20 (4.5) | 2.51(0.85 to 7.44) | |
| ≥ 60 to < 90 | 30 (58.8) | 334 (74.4) | 0.04* | Reference |
| ≥ 90 | 16 (31.4) | 95 (21.2) | 1.98 (1.02 to 3.86) | |
| 3 Stunted growth | 6 (11.8) | 64 (14.3) | 0.63 | |
| Urine protein test results | ||||
| Negative | 24 (47.1) | 200 (44.5) | ||
| Trace | 24 (47.1) | 219 (48.8) | 0.93* | |
| (30 to > 300) mg/dL | 3 (5.9) | 30 (6.7) | ||
| Sickle cell test | ||||
| Negative | 45 (88.2) | 362 (80.6) | ||
| Trait | 6 (11.8) | 82 (18.3) | 0.37* | |
| Diseased | 0 (0.0) | 5 (1.1) | ||
| 4Kidney function (eGFR) | ||||
| (> 90 ml/min) | 7 (13.7) | 93 (20.7) | ||
| (60–90 ml/min) | 37 (72.6) | 311 (69.3) | 0.41* | |
| (< 60 ml/min) | 7 (13.7) | 45 (10.0) | ||
1Mean (SD).
2Wealth Index: an aggregate variable generated by combining data on parents/guardian’s vital status, occupation and ownership of common household items.
3Stunted growth defined according to WHO—height for age below -2 standard deviation (SD).
4Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (calculated using the modified Schwartz equation).
¥Student’s t-test (continuous variable) and Chi squared test (categorical variable).
*Overall p value.
£Adjusted for age and sex.