Fig. 4.

Pelargonidin exert immunomodulatory effects through AHR. Spleen macrophages purified from AhR^+/+ and AhR^−/− mice were activated in vitro with LPS (5 ng/mL) in combination with IFN-γ (20 ng/mL) alone or plus Pelergonidin (20 µM) for 16 h. At the end of stimulation, the relative mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (C) Tnf-α and (D) Il-6, and anti-inflammatory cytokines (E) Tgf-β, was evaluated by Real-Time PCR. Values are normalized relative to Gapdh mRNA and the values are expressed relative to those of control group which are arbitrarily set to one. Results are the mean ± SEM (n = 6); * p < 0.05.