Fig. 6.

Pelargonidin counteract TNF-α-inflammatory activation on Caco2-cells. Caco-2 cells, a human intestinal epithelial cell line, activated with TNF-α 100 ng/ml for 24 h alone or in combination with pelargonidin (5, 10, and 20 µM). At the end of stimulation, the relative mRNA expression of (A) ACE2, (B) IL-8, (C) IL-6 and (D) IL-1Β, was evaluated by Real-Time PCR. Values are normalized relative to Gapdh mRNA and the values are expressed relative to those of control group (NT) which are arbitrarily set to one. Results are the mean ± SEM (n = 5); # NT Vs TNF-α; * TNF-α Vs TNF-α + Pelargonidin; # and * p < 0.05.