Table 4.
Evidence on the predictability of operative performance by robotic virtual reality simulator performances
| Reference Country | Design LOE | Simulator | No. of participants | Groups and experience | Intervention | Tasks |
Outcomes | Results | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simulator | OR | ||||||||
|
Aghazadeh et al.35
USA |
Cross-sectional
II |
dVSS | 21 |
17 urological trainees (residents; 0–55 RAS procedures performed)
4 urological RAS experts (fellow/ attendings; 58–600 RAS procedures performed) |
Instructional videos, completion of 8 dVSS tasks followed by OR assessment | PB1, PB2, RR2, RW3, MB3, SS3, tubes, ES |
Robotic endopelvic fascia dissection (part of RARP procedure)
(human patients) |
dVSS: simulator score
dV: GEARS |
Good correlation between dVSS simulator scores and GEARS scores including subdomains, except for dVSS exercise ES1 |
|
Hung et al.36
USA |
Cross-sectional
II |
Modified dV-Trainer | 28 |
Expert surgeons (105–3000 RAS procedures performed)
Intermediate surgeons (0–75 RAS procedures performed) |
Assessment on dV-Trainer followed by OR assessment | Renorrhaphy | Robotic RPN (live porcine model) |
dVSS: GEARS
dV: GEARS |
High correlation between GEARS scores for VR renorrhaphy and GEARS scores for RPN on live animal model for total GEARS scores and each subdomain |
|
Mills et al.37
USA |
Cross-sectional
II |
dVSS | 10 | Attending robotic surgeons from gynecology (4), urology (4), thoracic surgery (1), and general surgery (1). 20–346 RAS operations in past 4 years. | Completion of 4 dVSS tasks followed by 2 OR assessments | CT1, RW3, SS3, ED3 |
Next scheduled RAS operation of each surgeon
(human patients) |
dVSS: simulator score
dV: GEARS |
No correlation between dVSS simulator scores and intraoperative GEARS scores |
LOE, level of evidence according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine; OR, operating room; dVSS, daVinci® Skills Simulator; RAS, robot-assisted surgery; PB, peg board; RR, ring and rail; RW, ring walk; MB, match board; SS, suture sponge; ES, energy switcher; RARP, robot-assisted radical prostatectomy; dV, daVinci® Surgical System; GEARS, Global Evaluative Assessment of Robotic Skills; dV-Trainer, daVinci® Trainer; RPN, robotic partial nephrectomy; VR, virtual reality; CT, camera targeting; ED, energy dissection.