Table 1.
Patient and Hospital Characteristics by Code +/− Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Category
| Variable | Full Code (+) CPR | Full Code (−) CPR | DNR (+) CPR | DNR (−) CPR |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients – no.(%) | 2049 (91.0) | 203 (9.0) | 149 (0.8) | 19136 (99.2) |
| Age – median (IQR) | 66 (55, 76) | 63 (49, 75) | 71 (57, 80) | 72 (61, 82) |
| Female – no.(%) | 879 (42.9) | 80 (39.4) | 64 (43.0) | 8883 (46.4) |
| Race – no.(%) † | ||||
| White | 1486 (74.0) | 158 (79.4) | 106 (73.1) | 16118 (85.8) |
| Black | 354 (17.6) | 17 (8.5) | 31 (21.4) | 1527 (8.1) |
| Hispanic | 38 (1.9) | 5 (2.5) | 2 (1.4) | 209 (1.1) |
| Asian | 28 (1.4) | 3 (1.5) | 2 (1.4) | 187 (1.0) |
| American Indian/Alaska Native/Australian Aborigine | 46 (2.3) | 3 (1.5) | 2 (1.4) | 387 (2.1) |
| Other | 56 (2.8) | 13 (6.5) | 2 (1.4) | 360 (1.9) |
| Insurance – no.(%) | ||||
| Managed Care | 189 (9.3) | 26 (12.9) | 8 (5.5) | 1358 (7.2) |
| Medicare | 1152 (56.9) | 90 (44.6) | 95 (65.1) | 13103 (69.1) |
| Self-Pay | 155 (7.7) | 21 (10.4) | 6 (4.1) | 873 (4.6) |
| Private | 205 (10.1) | 28 (13.9) | 18 (12.3) | 1564 (8.2) |
| Medicaid | 243 (12.0) | 32 (15.8) | 17 (11.6) | 1573 (8.3) |
| Government | 44 (2.2) | 2 (1.0) | 2 (1.4) | 313 (1.6) |
| Admission year – no.(% of all deaths that year) | ||||
| 2008 | 63 (3.1) | 2 (1.0) | 1 (0.7) | 612 (3.2) |
| 2009 | 109 (5.3) | 6 (3.0) | 3 (2.0) | 921 (4.8) |
| 2010 | 140 (6.8) | 9 (4.4) | 7 (4.7) | 1401 (7.3) |
| 2011 | 204 (10.0) | 13 (6.4) | 4 (2.7) | 1650 (8.6) |
| 2012 | 199 (9.7) | 19 (9.4) | 16 (10.7) | 1686 (8.8) |
| 2013 | 322 (15.7) | 40 (19.7) | 30 (20.1) | 2843 (14.9) |
| 2014 | 328 (16.0) | 48 (23.6) | 28 (18.8) | 3077 (16.1) |
| 2015 | 393 (19.2) | 38 (18.7) | 41 (27.5) | 3723 (19.5) |
| 2016 | 291 (14.2) | 28 (13.8) | 19 (12.8) | 3223 (16.8) |
| Location at death – no.(%) | ||||
| Floor | 66 (3.2) | 12 (5.9) | 5 (3.4) | 3377 (17.6) |
| Floor with Telemetry | 32 (1.6) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 366 (1.9) |
| Hospice | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 108 (0.6) |
| Intensive Care Unit | 1833 (89.5) | 175 (86.2) | 140 (94.0) | 14499 (75.8) |
| Procedure Suite | 18 (0.9) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (<1) |
| Operating Room | 19 (0.9) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (<1) |
| Other ‡ | 3 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 17 (0.1) |
| Post Anesthesia Care Unit | 1 (<1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.7) | 5 (<1) |
| Stepdown | 56 (2.7) | 11 (5.4) | 2 (1.3) | 613 (3.2) |
| Telemetry | 21 (1.0) | 2 (1.0) | 1 (0.7) | 147 (0.8) |
| APACHE III SCORE – mean (SD) | 90.8 (41.5) | 95.4 (39.8) | 99.1 (41.3) | 86.9 (35.3) |
| ICU LOS Days – median (IQR) | 2 (1.0, 5.0) | 3 (2.0, 5.0) | 2 (2.0, 5.0) | 4 (2.0, 7.0) |
| ICU Admit code status – no.(%) | ||||
| Full Code | 2027 (99.0) | 191 (94.1) | 131 (87.9) | 15826 (82.9) |
| DNR | 10 (0.5) | 8 (3.9) | 8 (5.4) | 2144 (11.2) |
| Limited/Withholding Treatment | 9 (0.4) | 4 (2.0) | 9 (6.0) | 667 (3.5) |
| DNR & Withholding Treatment | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.7) | 379 (2.0) |
| Comfort Care | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 77 (0.4) |
| Death code status – no.(%) | ||||
| Full Code | 2049 (100.0) | 203 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| DNR | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 51 (34.2) | 4375 (22.9) |
| Limited/Withholding Treatment | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 57 (38.3) | 757 (4.0) |
| DNR & Withholding Treatment | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (4.7) | 715 (3.7) |
| Comfort Care | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 34 (22.8) | 13289 (69.4) |
| ICU Admit 1° Organ/System – no.(%) | ||||
| Cardiovascular | 1255 (61.2) | 100 (49.3) | 94 (63.1) | 9224 (48.2) |
| Respiratory | 348 (17.0) | 26 (12.8) | 30 (20.1) | 3734 (19.5) |
| Gastrointestinal | 172 (8.4) | 21 (10.3) | 5 (3.4) | 1823 (9.5) |
| Neurological | 93 (4.5) | 26 (12.8) | 11 (7.4) | 2619 (13.7) |
| Genitourinary | 41 (2.0) | 3 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 308 (1.6) |
| Metabolic/Endocrine | 18 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 171 (0.9) |
| Hematologic | 15 (0.7) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.7) | 116 (0.6) |
| Musculoskeletal/Skin | 19 (0.9) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.7) | 118 (0.6) |
| Trauma | 84 (4.1) | 23 (11.3) | 7 (4.7) | 1016 (5.3) |
| Transplant | 4 (0.2) | 2 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (<1) |
| Surgery 10 indication – no.(%) | 253 (12.3) | 26 (12.8) | 11 (7.4) | 1769 (9.2) |
| Critical Care Team – no.(%) | ||||
| Primary | 1550 (75.6) | 169 (83.3) | 100 (67.1) | 15771 (82.4) |
| Consulted | 511 (24.9) | 72 (35.5) | 62 (41.6) | 3871 (20.2) |
| Hospital Minority Population – no.(%) § | ||||
| Majority | 1528 (74.6) | 162 (79.8) | 94 (63.1) | 16075 (84.0) |
| Mixed-Race | 381 (18.6) | 35 (17.2) | 43 (28.9) | 2278 (11.9) |
| Minority | 140 (6.8) | 6 (3.0) | 12 (8.1) | 783 (4.1) |
| Hospital Bed # – median (IQR) | 400 (315, 600) | 529 (393, 954) | 450 (315, 1289) | 400 (325, 600) |
| Hospital Teaching Type – no.(%) ¶ | ||||
| Large Teaching | 888 (43.3) | 98 (48.3) | 28 (18.8) | 9913 (51.8) |
| Small Teaching | 565 (27.6) | 41 (20.2) | 56 (37.6) | 4618 (24.1) |
| Non-Teaching | 596 (29.1) | 64 (31.5) | 65 (43.6) | 4605 (24.1) |
| Hospital Regional Location – no.(%) | ||||
| Northeast | 446 (21.8) | 59 (29.1) | 23 (15.4) | 5333 (27.9) |
| South | 555 (27.1) | 50 (24.6) | 56 (37.6) | 3796 (19.8) |
| Midwest | 855 (41.7) | 74 (36.5) | 58 (38.9) | 8103 (42.3) |
| West | 193 (9.4) | 20 (9.9) | 12 (8.1) | 1904 (9.9) |
*
P values are based on Pearson’s chi-square test for categorical variables, student t-test for normally distributed continuous variables, and Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables with skewed distribution.
†
Race and ethnic group were determined from medical records.
‡
Other locations include transfer or unknown.
§
Hospitals were stratified into 3 groups based on the proportion of minority patients: predominantly majority hospitals (<25% of patients are minority patients), mixed hospitals (25%–50% of patients are minority patients), and predominantly minority hospitals (>50% of patients are minority patients)
¶
Hospitals were split in to teaching and non-teaching based on presence of trainees. Large defined as >600 hospital beds.