Table 2.
A summary of the main seed dispersal agent clades of Miconia species (based on the number of interaction records and species diversity) of each animal class and their preferential fruit traits
| Frugivore clade | Species | Interactions | Fruit colour (%) | Crop size | Fruit size | Seeds/fruit | %Water | %Carbohydrates | %Lipids | %Protein | Key references |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aves Passeriformes Thraupidae |
117 | 744 | Purple (44 %); black (25.23 %); dark blue (13.88 %); green (7.09 %); blue (6.15 %); orange (1.57 %); red (1.26 %); white (0.78 %) | 16 450.4 (26) | 0.62 (45) | 105.97 (35) | 80.06 (8) | 16.04 (16) | 1.27 (11) | 2.88 (11) | Silva et al. (2002); Parrini and Pacheco (2011); Vidal et al. (2014); Palacio et al. (2016) |
| Aves Passeriformes Tyrannidae |
76 | 235 | Purple (50.47 %); green (17.61 %); black (16.66 %); dark blue (12.38 %); orange (1.90 %); red (0.47 %); blue (0.47 %) | 24 486.75 (16) | 0.64 (28) | 36.46 (22) | 80.06 (8) | 12.90 (15) | 1.04 (9) | 2.21 (8) | Luck and Daily (2003); Maruyama et al. (2013); Camargo et al. (2015) |
| Aves Passeriformes Pipridae |
26 | 237 | Purple (38.70 %); black (27.95 %); dark blue (43.11 %); blue (3.76 %); orange (3.22 %); green (1.61 %); white (1.61 %) | 24 061.86 (18) | 0.58 (39) | 132.57 (31) | 78.64 (6) | 15.89 (17) | 1.24 (8) | 2.66 (8) | Snow (1965); Loiselle and Blake (1990); Gorchov et al. (1995); |
| Aves Passeriformes Turdidae |
26 | 228 | Purple (44.14 %); black (23.40 %); dark blue (17.55 %); blue (6.91 %); green (3.19 %); orange (2.65 %); white (1.59 %); red (0.53 %) | 14 789.39 (24) | 0.63 (41) | 100.15 (28) | 80.06 (8) | 11.99 (19) | 1.23 (10) | 3.11 (10) | Blake and Loiselle (1992); Kessler-Rios and Kattan (2012) |
| Aves Passeriformes Fringilidae |
16 | 61 | Purple (38.18 %); black (30.90 %); dark blue (12.72 %); blue (7.27 %); orange (7.27 %); green (3.63 %) | 12 825.17 (13) | 0.67 (24) | 139.23 (13) | 80.94 (4) | 11.58 (10) | 1.37 (6) | 3.18 (6) | Silva et al. (2002); Vidal et al. (2014) |
| Mammalia Primates Callitrichidae |
12 | 31 | Purple (54.16 %); black (20.83 %); orange (12.5 %); dark blue (8.33 %); green (4.16 %) | 31 921.94 (6) | 0.42 (10) | 74.45 (14) | 77.46 (3) | 30.44 (4) | 1.63 (4) | 2.46 (4) | Dietz et al. (1997); Miranda and Faria (2000); Lapenta et al. (2008) |
| Mammalia Didelphimorphia Didelphidae |
11 | 54 | Black (64.58 %); purple (29.16 %); green (6.25 %) | 2239.66 (5) | 0.60 (12) | 133.32 (11) | 77.19 (2) | 12.73 (2) | 1.32 (2) | 2.88 (2) | Lessa and Costa (2010); de Camargo et al. (2011); Lessa et al. (2013) |
| Mammalia Chiroptera Phyllostomidae |
11 | 18 | Purple (36.36 %); black (27.27 %); dark blue (27.27 %); white (9.09 %) | 3656.66 | 0.7 (6) | 181 (3) | 74.76 | 12.08 | 2.56 | 3.6 | Hernández-Conrique et al. (1997); Hernández-Montero et al. (2015); Lima et al. (2016) |
| Mammalia Perissodactyla Tapiridae |
2 | 21 | Dark blue (66.66 %); black (33.34 %) | NA | 0.60 (3) | 360 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Lizcano and Cavelier (2004); Tobler et al. (2010); Barcelos et al. (2013) |
| Mammalia Primates Cebidae |
4 | 15 | Purple (54.54 %); black (18.18 %); orange (18.18 %); blue (9.09 %) | 12 135.62 (6) | 0.47 (8) | 84.2 (6) | 78 | 15.52 (3) | 2.60 (2) | 4.48 (2) | Wehncke and Dalling (2005); Canale et al. (2016) |
| Insecta Hymenoptera Formicidae Myrmicinae |
74 | 126 | Purple (52.41 %); green (23.38 %); dark blue (12.09 %); black (9.67 %); yellow (2.61 %); orange (0.8 %) | 25 790.45 (8) | 0.58 (14) | 38.59 (15) | 76.27 (4) | 14.16 (8) | 0.99 (5) | 2.47 (5) | Kaspari (1993); Leal and Oliveira (1998); Christianini et al. (2012) |
| Insecta Hymenoptera Formicidae Formicinae |
10 | 21 | Green (38.09 %); purple (33.33 %); black (28.57 %) | 2609.5 (2) | 0.65 (5) | 33.56 (6) | 79.63 | 25.24 (2) | 1.14 (2) | 2.83 (2) | Leite et al. (2013); Lima et al. (2013) |
| Insecta Hymenoptera Formicidae Ponerinae |
7 | 10 | Purple (66.66 %); green (33.34 %) | 85 895.5 (2) | 0.61 (4) | 44.53 (3) | 74.84 (2) | 22.95 (3) | 0.79 (3) | 2.43 (3) | Christianini et al. (2012); Santana et al. (2013) |
| Actinopterygii Characiformes Serrasalmidae |
6 | 6 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Hawes and Peres (2014a) |
| Actinopterygii Characiformes Bryconidae |
3 | 3 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Correa et al. (2016) |
| Reptilia Testudines Geoemydidae |
2 | 2 | Purple (100 %) | NA | 0.55 | 40 | NA | 7.65 | NA | NA | Moll and Jansen (1995) |
Morphological and chemical fruit traits are reported by the mean value and sample size in parentheses.
NA = information not available.