Table 4.

Moderation analyses.

	Moderator	n	Point estimate	Confidence interval	Q	P
Superordinate factor	Definition
Alcohol consumption	Alone	10	0.24	0.08, 0.38	0.08	0.77
	All others	6	0.21	0.13, 0.29
Drinking problems	Alone	10	0.23	0.10, 0.36	0.24	0.62
	All others	6	0.20	0.13, 0.26
Negative affect	Alone	4	0.20	0.11, 0.29	0.03	0.87
	All others	5	0.21	0.15, 0.27
Social discomfort	Alone	2	0.23	0.07, 0.38	3.07	0.08
	All others	2	0.07	0.01, 0.14
Negative reinforcement	Alone	7	0.29	0.26, 0.31	0.24	0.62
	All others	6	0.27	0.18, 0.35
Positive reinforcement	Alone	6	0.13	0.04, 0.21	0.72	0.40
	All others	4	0.06	−0.08, 0.19
	Age groupa
Alcohol consumption	Adolescents	7	0.31	0.12, 0.47	2.14	0.14
	Young adults	9	0.16	0.08, 0.24
Drinking problems	Adolescents	4	0.33	0.11, 0.53	1.85	0.17
	Young adults	12	0.18	0.13, 0.22
Negative affect	Adolescents	2	0.19	0.06, 0.32	0.14	0.71
	Young adults	7	0.22	0.16, 0.27
Negative reinforcement	Adolescents	4	0.29	0.25, 0.32	0.13	0.72
	Young adults	9	0.27	0.22, 0.33
Positive reinforcement	Adolescents	4	0.17	0.06, 0.27	3.07	0.08
	Young adults	6	0.04	−0.05, 0.14
	Quality levelb				Z-value
Alcohol consumption		16	0.03	−0.12 to 0.18	0.40	0.69
Drinking problems		16	−0.04	−0.17 to 0.10	−0.52	0.60
Negative affect		9	−0.01	−0.07 to 0.04	−0.45	0.65
Social discomfort		4	0.06	−0.06 to 0.18	0.80	0.42
Negative reinforcement		13	−0.04	−0.09 to 0.01	−1.43	0.15
Positive reinforcement		10	−0.02	−0.12 to 0.08	−0.41	0.69

^aSocial discomfort only contained young adult samples, and thus was not included in these analyses.

^bQuality level analyses were run using meta-regression with quality level designated as a continuous variable.