Table 3.
Characteristics of children with or without allergic rhinitis (n = 388)
| Characteristicsa | Cases (n = 194), n (%) | Controls (n = 194), n (%) | Crude odds ratio (95% CI) | χ2 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||||
| Girls | 70 (36.1) | 101 (52.1) | Reference | 9.557 | 0.002 |
| Boys | 124 (63.9) | 93 (47.9) | 1.880 (1.258, 2.809) | ||
| Birth weight | 3.53 ± 0.59 | 3.40 ± 0.67 | - | - | 0.844 |
| Residence | |||||
| Suburbs | 33 (17.0) | 59 (30.4) | Reference | 10.455 | 0.001 |
| Inner city | 161 (83.0) | 135 (69.6) | 2.180 (1.352, 3.516 ) | ||
| Environmental tobacco smoke at home | |||||
| No | 142 (73.2) | 151 (77.8) | Reference | 0.567 | 0.452 |
| Yes | 52 (26.8) | 43 (22.2) | 1.190 (0.756, 1.873) | ||
| Mode of delivery | |||||
| Vaginal delivery | 58 (29.9) | 55 (28.4) | Reference | 0.011 | 0.916 |
| Elective cesarean section | 136 (70.1) | 139 (71.6) | 0.977 (0.635, 1.502) | ||
| Mode of feeding in the first year | |||||
| Breast-feeding | 129 (66.5) | 133 (68.6) | Reference | 0.060 | 0.807 |
| Formula-feeding | 65 (33.5) | 61 (31.4) | 1.054 (0.693, 1.601) | ||
| Eczema during the first year | |||||
| No | 83(42.8) | 115 (59.3) | Reference | 10.238 | 0.001 |
| Yes | 111(57.2) | 79 (40.7) | 1.910 (1.283, 2.845) | ||
| Parental history of allergy | |||||
| No | 134 (69.1) | 171 (88.1) | Reference | 18.223 | 0.000 |
| Yes | 60 (30.9) | 23 (11.9) | 2.935 (1.769, 4.872) | ||
| Furry/feathery pets | |||||
| No | 150 (77.3) | 151 (77.8) | Reference | 0.040 | 0.841 |
| Yes | 44 (22.7) | 43 (22.2) | 0.953 (0.598, 1.520) | ||
| New furniture after birth | |||||
| No | 98 (50.5) | 103 (53.1) | Reference | 0.234 | 0.628 |
| Yes | 96 (49.5) | 91 (46.9) | 1.102 (0.744, 1.633) | ||
| House redecoration during the past year | |||||
| No | 171 (88.1) | 180 (92.8) | Reference | 2.334 | 0.127 |
| Yes | 23 (11.9) | 14 (7.2) | 1.695 (0.856, 3.354) | ||
| Stressful family events during the first 2 yearsb | |||||
| No | 98 (50.5) | 160 (82.5) | Reference | 40.910 | 0.000 |
| Yes | 96 (49.5) | 34 (17.5) | 4.144 (2.647, 6.489) | ||
Data are shown as n (%) or mean ± SD
aCharacteristics are at birth unless otherwise specified
bAmong parental separation/divorce, parental loss of job, serious health problem, or death of a family member or close relative