Table 4.
Multivariate associations of MVC characteristics with peritraumatic distress and dissociation, 2-week ASD, and 8-week PTSD, controlling for socio-demographics and intermediate outcomes, in the Freeze 1 AURORA MVC sample (n = 666)1.
| Multivariate models predicting mediators |
Univariate and multivariate models predicting 8-week PTSD |
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| Peritraumatic distress | Peritraumatic dissociation | 2-week ASD | Univariate | Multivariate | Multivariate controlling mediators | ||||||||||
| % | (SE) | (n) | b | (95% CI) | b | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | |
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| Role in MVC | |||||||||||||||
| Passenger | 23.3 | (1.6) | (155) | −0.1 | (−0.3-0.1) | −0.1 | (−0.3-0.1) | 0.6 | (0.4-1.1) | 1.6* | (1.0-2.4) | 1.3 | (0.8-2.2) | 2.1* | (1.1-4.1) |
| Driver with others | 19.2 | (1.5) | (128) | 0.0 | (−0.2-0.2) | −0.0 | (−0.2-0.2) | 0.8 | (0.5-1.3) | 1.1 | (0.7-1.8) | 0.9 | (0.6-1.6) | 0.9 | (0.5-1.7) |
| Driver alone | 57.5 | (1.9) | (383) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
| χ22 | . | . | . | 0.5 | 0.8 | 2.8 | 4.5 | 1.9 | 7.5* | ||||||
| Your vehicle collided with | |||||||||||||||
| Other moving vehicle | 68.2 | (1.8) | (454) | 0.1 | (−0.1-0.4) | 0.0 | (−0.2-0.3) | 0.7 | (0.4-1.1) | 1.0 | (0.6-1.7) | 0.9 | (0.5-1.5) | 1.0 | (0.5-2.0) |
| Stationary object | 17.9 | (1.5) | (119) | 0.0 | (−0.2-0.3) | −0.2 | (−0.4-0.1) | 0.5* | (0.3-1.0) | 0.8 | (0.4-1.4) | 0.7 | (0.4-1.3) | 0.8 | (0.4-1.8) |
| Other2 | 14.0 | (1.3) | (93) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
| χ22 | . | . | . | 1.7 | 2.3 | 4.3 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 0.9 | ||||||
| Damage to your vehicle | |||||||||||||||
| Severe | 58.3 | (1.9) | (388) | 0.6* | (0.3-0.9) | 0.3* | (0.0-0.6) | 1.6 | (0.8-3.5) | 1.4 | (0.7-2.9) | 1.4 | (0.7-2.9) | 1.0 | (0.4-2.5) |
| Moderate | 26.4 | (1.7) | (176) | 0.2 | (−0.1-0.5) | 0.1 | (−0.2-0.4) | 1.3 | (0.6-2.8) | 1.0 | (0.5-2.0) | 1.0 | (0.5-2.2) | 0.8 | (0.3-2.1) |
| Minor | 8.9 | (1.1) | (59) | −0.0 | (−0.4-0.3) | −0.1 | (−0.5-0.2) | 0.5 | (0.2-1.3) | 0.9 | (0.4-2.2) | 1.0 | (0.4-2.4) | 1.4 | (0.5-4.2) |
| Other3 | 6.5 | (1.0) | (43) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
| χ23 | . | . | . | 13.1* | 6.7* | 11.2* | 5.6 | 3.0 | 1.6 | ||||||
| Passengers with injuries (0-4 standardized)4 | 0.0 | (0.0) | (666) | 0.0 | (−0.1-0.1) | 0.1 | (−0.0-0.2) | 1.3* | (1.0-1.6) | 1.3* | (1.1-1.5) | 1.2 | (0.9-1.5) | 1.1 | (0.8-1.4) |
| Others with injuries (any vs. none)4 | 10.2 | (1.2) | (68) | −0.0 | (−0.2-0.2) | 0.0 | (−0.2-0.2) | 0.9 | (0.5-1.5) | 1.6 | (0.9-2.7) | 1.3 | (0.8-2.3) | 1.8 | (0.9-3.5) |
| Transportation to ED | |||||||||||||||
| Ambulance | 58.0 | (1.9) | (386) | 0.3* | (0.1-0.5) | 0.2* | (0.1-0.4) | 1.3 | (0.8-2.0) | 1.5* | (1.0-2.2) | 1.3 | (0.9-2.0) | 1.2 | (0.7-2.1) |
| Other immediately | 14.7 | (1.4) | (98) | 0.2 | (−0.0-0.4) | 0.2 | (0.0-0.5) | 2.6* | (1.4-4.7) | 1.3 | (0.7-2.2) | 1.4 | (0.8-2.5) | 1.0 | (0.5-2.0) |
| Other delay | 27.3 | (1.7) | (182) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
| χ22 | . | . | . | 6.7* | 4.0* | 10.3* | 4.1 | 1.8 | 0.8 | ||||||
| Personal injury | |||||||||||||||
| Hit head (yes vs. no) | 57.4 | (1.9) | (382) | −0.1 | (−0.3-0.1) | −0.0 | (−0.2-0.1) | 0.8 | (0.5-1.2) | 1.1 | (0.8-1.6) | 0.8 | (0.5-1.2) | 0.9 | (0.5-1.5) |
| MTBI (yes vs. no) | 27.5 | (1.7) | (183) | 0.3* | (0.1-0.5) | 0.4* | (0.2-0.6) | 1.6 | (1.0-2.6) | 1.5* | (1.0-2.2) | 1.5 | (0.9-2.4) | 1.1 | (0.6-2.1) |
| AIS-Max5 (2+ vs 1) | 13.1 | (1.3) | (87) | 0.0 | (−0.2-0.2) | 0.1 | (−0.1-0.3) | 0.8 | (0.4-1.3) | 0.9 | (0.6-1.5) | 0.8 | (0.5-1.4) | 0.8 | (0.4-1.6) |
| Admitted (yes vs. no) | 4.1 | (0.8) | (27) | 0.0 | (−0.4-0.4) | 0.2 | (−0.2-0.5) | 0.9 | (0.4-2.2) | 1.0 | (0.4-2.4) | 1.0 | (0.4-2.4) | 1.0 | (0.3-3.3) |
| Severity of pain (mean)6 | 0.0 | (0.0) | (666) | 0.1* | (0.0-0.2) | 0.0 | (−0.0-0.1) | 1.4* | (1.1-1.7) | 1.3* | (1.1-1.6) | 1.3* | (1.1-1.6) | 1.1 | (0.9-1.4) |
| Severity of other somatic symptoms (mean)7 | 0.0 | (0.0) | (666) | 0.1* | (0.1-0.2) | 0.1* | (0.0-0.2) | 1.1 | (0.9-1.3) | 1.1 | (1.0-1.3) | 1.0 | (0.9-1.2) | 0.9 | (0.7-1.2) |
| χ217 | 7.5* | 6.2* | 46.3* | - | 29.3* | 18.5 | |||||||||
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Abbreviations. MVC, motor vehicle collision; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; ASD, acute stress disorder; SE, standard error; b, unstandardized linear regression coefficient; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; ED, emergency department; AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale.
Significant at the .05 level, two-sided test.
Based on a series of univariate and multivariate linear (when peritraumatic symptoms are the outcomes) and logistic (when diagnoses of 2-week ASD and 8-week PTSD are the outcomes) regression equations in which continuous measures of pre-MVC PTSD symptoms are always controlled. In the last model to predict diagnoses of 8-week PTSD, peritraumatic symptoms and 2-week ASD symptoms were also controlled.
No collision (n=81), “other” (n=8), and “don’t know (n=8).
None (n=12) and “don’t know” (n=31).
Moderate or severe injuries.
Max score of the nine AIS regions.
Self-reported 0-10 scale on pain intensity right now, standardized to mean=0 and standard deviation=1.
Sum of all differences in each somatic symptom between 30-day (self-reported 0-10 scale) and right now (self-reported 0-10 scale), standardized to mean=0 and standard deviation=1.