Table 3.

Estimates of direct pathways from cumulative parental harshness and parental disengagement from 1–15y to 15y depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and antisocial behaviors.

	β	95% CI
Cumulative harshness from 1–15y
Female	−0.19**	−0.33, −0.05
Maternal age	−0.14*	−0.27, −0.01
African American or multiracial	0.28***	0.15, 0.41
Cumulative disengagement from 1–15y
Maternal education	−0.16**	−0.27, −0.04
Overall cortisol output at 15y
Cumulative harshness from 1–15y	0.20**	0.05, 0.34
Cumulative disengagement from 1–15y	−0.17**	−0.27, −0.07
African American or multiracial	0.31***	0.20, 0.42
Hair straightening	0.21**	0.08, 0.34
Poverty ratio at 15y	−0.11†	−0.23, 0.02
Hair quantity (2cm versus 1cm)	0.16*	0.03, 0.30
Poverty ratio at birth	−0.11†	−0.24, 0.01
Depressive symptoms at 15y
Overall cortisol output at 15y	0.14†	−0.02, 0.30
Cumulative harshness from 1–15y	−0.11	−0.27, 0.05
Cumulative disengagement from 1–15y	0.08	−0.05, 0.20
Female	0.21**	0.08, 0.33
Anxiety symptoms at 15y
Overall cortisol output at 15y	0.06	−0.07, 0.19
Cumulative harshness from 1–15y	−0.01	−0.15, 0.14
Cumulative disengagement from 1–15y	0.05	−0.11, 0.20
Maternal education	−0.14*	−0.28, −0.01
Antisocial behaviors at 15y
Overall cortisol output at 15y	−0.12	−0.29, 0.06
Cumulative harshness from 1–15y	0.15*	0.02, 0.29
Cumulative disengagement from 1–15y	0.07	−0.10, 0.24
Parents married at child birth	−0.15**	−0.26, −0.04
African American or multiracial	0.13*	0.01, 0.26

Note. All estimates reported are standardized estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each of the direct pathways to behavior problems. Dependent variables are in bold with independent variables and associated standardized (β) coefficients. Note. Covariates were included in the final model if they were associated with the model variable at p < .10.

^†p < 0.10

^*p<.05.

^**p<.01.

^***p<.001.