Table 1.
Characteristics of the cohort.
| Characteristics | Patients n = 30 |
Controls n = 30 |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 14.4 (2.6) | 14.4 (2.6) | – |
| Sex (female), n (%) | 20.0 (67.0) | 20.0 (67.0) | – |
| Ethnicity (Caucasian) | 29.0 (96.7) | 26.0 (92.9) | 0.19 |
| Annual income (>$90,000), n (%) | 10.0 (37.0) | 21.0 (77.8) | <0.001 |
| Pubertal status (range: 5–20) | 14.7 (5.2) | 14.6 (4.6) | 0.97 |
| Duration of pain condition (months) | 26.8 (39.6) | – | – |
| Number of headaches per month | 16.2 (13.2) | 1.4 (1.7) | <0.001 |
| Number of migraines per month† | 7.5 (10.5) | 0.2 (0.6) | <0.001 |
| Number of days medication was used per month† | 7.5 (10.3) | 0.4 (0.8) | <0.001 |
| PTSS (range: 0–80)* | 6.8 (11.9) | 10.8 (13.4) | 0.11 |
| ACEs (range: 0–19) | 2.4 (2.9) | 1.6 (2.3) | 0.24 |
| Cognitive reappraisal (range: 6–30) | 16.1 (5.2) | 18.2 (5.6) | 0.15 |
| Expressive suppression (range: 4–20) | 10.6 (4.4) | 9.53 (2.7) | 0.26 |
| Left hippocampal volume | 4,213.3 (398.9) | 4,273.6 (343.6) | 0.53 |
| Right hippocampal volume | 4,301.3 (339.4) | 4,314.3 (397.5) | 0.89 |
| Total hippocampal volume | 8,514.6 (715.7) | 8,587.9 (712.3) | 0.69 |
| Left amygdala volume | 1,636.6 (184.4) | 1,617.5 (161.0) | 0.67 |
| Right amygdala volume | 1,752.1 (218.6) | 1,772.0 (189.2) | 0.71 |
| Total amygdala volume | 3,388.7 (382.1) | 3,389.5 (324.0) | 0.99 |
| Total brain volume | 1,209,171.5 (123,066.4) | 1,201,264.5 (123,696.0) | 0.81 |
| Left cingulum mean FA | 0.43 (0.03) | 0.40 (0.04) | 0.003 |
| Right cingulum mean FA | 0.39 (0.04) | 0.38 (0.03) | 0.14 |
| Cingulum mean FA | 0.41 (0.03) | 0.39 (0.03) | 0.01 |
| Right cingulum mean axial diffusivity | 1.22 (0.03) | 1.22 (0.03) | 0.75 |
| Left cingulum mean axial diffusivity | 1.28 (0.04) | 1.28 (0.06) | 0.88 |
| Cingulum mean axial diffusivity | 1.25 (0.03) | 1.25 (0.04) | 0.97 |
| Right cingulum mean radial diffusivity | 0.65 (0.04) | 0.67 (0.04) | 0.25 |
| Left cingulum mean radial diffusivity | 0.65 (0.05) | 0.69 (0.07) | 0.01 |
| Cingulum mean radial diffusivity | 0.65 (0.04) | 0.68 (0.05) | 0.03 |
| Right uncinate mean FA | 0.41 (0.02) | 0.40 (0.02) | 0.31 |
| Left uncinate mean FA | 0.41 (0.03) | 0.40 (0.03) | 0.20 |
| Uncinate mean FA | 0.41 (0.02) | 0.40 (0.02) | 0.15 |
| Right uncinate mean axial diffusivity | 1.31 (0.20) | 1.28 (0.05) | 0.57 |
| Left uncinate mean axial diffusivity | 1.27 (0.03) | 1.28 (0.05) | 0.80 |
| Uncinate mean axial diffusivity | 1.29 (0.12) | 1.28 (0.04) | 0.65 |
| Right uncinate mean radial diffusivity | 0.70 (0.20) | 0.68 (0.05) | 0.63 |
| Left uncinate mean radial diffusivity | 0.66 (0.03) | 0.68 (0.04) | 0.14 |
| Uncinate mean radial diffusivity | 0.68 (0.11) | 0.68 (0.04) | 0.92 |
Mean and standard deviation shown, unless otherwise indicated
*Raw data shown. Calculations conducted on transformed data.
Missing data: ACEs (Patients = 5, Controls 5); Annual income (Patients = 3, Controls = 3); Cingulum (Patients = 1, Controls = 4); Cognitive reappraisal (Patients = 2); Expressive suppression (Patients = 2); Left cingulum (Patients = 1, Controls = 4); Left uncinate (Patients = 3, Controls = 4); Pubertal status (Patients = 2, Controls = 1); PTSS (Patients = 5, Controls = 1); Right Cingulum (Patients = 1, Controls = 4) Right Uncinate (Patients = 1, Controls = 4); Uncinate (Patients = 3, Controls = 4).
†
Non-parametric tests were conducted.