Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Total | Validation datasets | Training datasets | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | 527 | 156 | 371 | |
| Type | ||||
| GBC | 122 (23.1) | 37 (23.7) | 85 (22.9) | 0.953 |
| ECC | 296 (56.2) | 86 (55.1) | 210 (56.6) | |
| ICC | 109 (20.7) | 33 (21.2) | 76 (20.5) | |
| Age (yr) | ||||
| ≤ 60 | 233 (44.3) | 64 (41.3) | 169 (45.6) | 0.423 |
| > 60 | 293 (55.7) | 91 (58.7) | 202 (54.4) | |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 235 (44.6) | 76 (48.7) | 159 (42.9) | 0.254 |
| Male | 292 (55.4) | 80 (51.3) | 212 (57.1) | |
| Blood type | ||||
| AB | 35 (6.7) | 10 (6.5) | 25 (6.8) | 0.752 |
| A | 114 (21.7) | 38 (24.5) | 76 (20.5) | |
| B | 214 (40.8) | 59 (38.1) | 155 (41.9) | |
| O | 162 (30.9) | 48 (31.0) | 114 (30.8) | |
| Fever | ||||
| No | 451 (85.6) | 131 (84.0) | 320 (86.3) | 0.586 |
| Yes | 76 (14.4) | 25 (16.0) | 51 (13.7) | |
| Emaciation | ||||
| No | 259 (49.6) | 71 (46.1) | 188 (51.1) | 0.346 |
| Yes | 263 (50.4) | 83 (53.9) | 180 (48.9) | |
| Debilitation | ||||
| No | 467 (89.0) | 135 (86.5) | 332 (90.0) | 0.320 |
| Yes | 58 (11.0) | 21 (13.5) | 37 (10.0) | |
| Drink | ||||
| No | 402 (76.6) | 120 (76.9) | 282 (76.4) | 0.991 |
| Yes | 123 (23.4) | 36 (23.1) | 87 (23.6) | |
| Fat liver | ||||
| No | 453 (91.9) | 135 (91.2) | 318 (92.2) | 0.859 |
| Yes | 40 (8.1) | 13 (8.8) | 27 (7.8) | |
| ALT (U/L) | ||||
| ≤ 100 | 298 (56.7) | 91 (58.3) | 207 (55.9) | 0.683 |
| > 100 | 228 (43.3) | 65 (41.7) | 163 (44.1) | |
| AST (U/L) | ||||
| ≤ 100 | 351 (69.8) | 103 (69.6) | 248 (69.9) | > 0.99 |
| > 100 | 152 (30.2) | 45 (30.4) | 107 (30.1) | |
| GGT (U/L) | ||||
| ≤ 200 | 232 (46.0) | 70 (47.3) | 162 (45.5) | 0.788 |
| > 200 | 272 (54.0) | 78 (52.7) | 194 (54.5) | |
| ALP (U/L) | ||||
| ≤ 200 | 230 (45.6) | 68 (45.9) | 162 (45.5) | > 0.99 |
| > 200 | 274 (54.4) | 80 (54.1) | 194 (54.5) | |
| ALB (g/L) | ||||
| ≤ 35 | 112 (21.3) | 34 (21.8) | 78 (21.1) | 0.959 |
| > 35 | 413 (78.7) | 122 (78.2) | 291 (78.9) | |
| TBIL (μmol/L)a) | ||||
| ≤ 106 | 323 (61.3) | 99 (63.5) | 224 (60.4) | 0.572 |
| > 106 | 204 (38.7) | 57 (36.5) | 147 (39.6) | |
| CA 19-9 (U/mL) | ||||
| ≤ 100 | 256 (51.0) | 70 (48.3) | 186 (52.1) | 0.497 |
| > 100 | 246 (49.0) | 75 (51.7) | 171 (47.9) | |
| Tumor differentiationb) | ||||
| Poor | 51 (10.1) | 20 (13.2) | 31 (8.8) | 0.266 |
| Moderate | 262 (52.0) | 73 (48.3) | 189 (53.5) | |
| Well | 191 (37.9) | 58 (38.4) | 133 (37.7) | |
| Radical cure | ||||
| No | 200 (38.3) | 64 (41.6) | 136 (37.0) | 0.375 |
| Yes | 322 (61.7) | 90 (58.4) | 232 (63.0) | |
| T category | ||||
| Tis | 9 (1.7) | 2 (1.3) | 7 (1.9) | 0.362 |
| 1 | 130 (24.7) | 36 (23.1) | 94 (25.3) | |
| 2 | 153 (29.0) | 55 (35.3) | 98 (26.4) | |
| 3 | 196 (37.2) | 52 (33.3) | 144 (38.8) | |
| 4 | 39 (7.4) | 11 (7.1) | 28 (7.5) | |
| Nodal involvement | ||||
| No | 364 (69.3) | 113 (73.4) | 251 (67.7) | 0.234 |
| Yes | 161 (30.7) | 41 (26.6) | 120 (32.3) | |
| TNM stage | ||||
| 0 | 9 (1.7) | 2 (1.3) | 7 (1.9) | 0.737 |
| I | 179 (34.0) | 57 (36.5) | 122 (32.9) | |
| II | 174 (33.0) | 47 (30.1) | 127 (34.2) | |
| III | 165 (31.3) | 50 (32.1) | 115 (31.0) | |
| Tumor size (cm)a) | ||||
| ≤ 2.6 | 303 (60.2) | 87 (58.8) | 216 (60.8) | 0.741 |
| > 2.6 | 200 (39.8) | 61 (41.2) | 139 (39.2) | |
| Postoperative chemotherapy | ||||
| No | 353 (76.2) | 103 (73.6) | 250 (77.4) | 0.441 |
| Yes | 110 (23.8) | 37 (26.4) | 73 (22.6) | |
Values are presented as number (%). ALB, albumin; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CA 19-9, carbohydrate antigen 19-9; ECC, extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; GBC, gallbladder cancer; GGT, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; ICC, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; TBIL, total bilirubin.
Cut-off values of TBIL (106 μmol/L) and tumor sice (2.6 cm) were determined by ‘maxstat’ R package,
Tumor differentiation was judged by pathologists. Poor includes undifferentiated or poorly differentiated, which means disordered arrangement of cancer cells, high cellular atypia and high proportion of cancer cells in division phase. Well means almost normal arrangement of cancer cells, low cellular atypia and low proportion of cancer cells in division phase. Moderate means somewhere in between.