Table 2.

Hospital stay and postoperativecomplications

Characteristic	Total (n=5,065)	RS (n=315)	LS (n=3,248)	OS (n=1,503)	p-value	p-value
						RS vs. LS	RS vs. OS	LS vs. OS
Length of stay (mean±SD)	11.3±7.4	10.2±6.1	10.3±7.1	13.8±7.8	< 0.001	1.000	< 0.001	< 0.001
Post-operative complications	483 (9.5)	21 (6.8)	240 (7.4)	222 (14.8)	< 0.001	0.690	< 0.001	< 0.001
Injury to bladder	4 (0.1)	0	2 (0.1)	2 (0.1)	0.651	0.678	0.538	0.445
Injury to ureter	4 (0.1)	0	4 (0.1)	1 (0.0)	0.597	0.543	0.728	0.404
Injury to colon and rectum	0	0	0	0
Injury to blood vessels	3 (0.1)	0	1 (0.0)	2 (0.1)	0.276	0.768	0.497	0.136
Acute kidney failure	22 (0.4)	2 (0.5)	13 (0.4)	8 (0.5)	0.851	0.766	0.995	0.594
Bladder disorder	19 (0.4)	2 (0.5)	9 (0.3)	9 (0.6)	0.246	0.414	0.919	0.103
Vesicovaginal fistula	7 (0.1)	1 (0.3)	4 (0.1)	2 (0.1)	0.776	0.481	0.648	0.766
Rectovaginal fistula	1 (0.0)	0	1 (0.0)	0	0.771	0.764		0.512
Atelectasis	2 (0.0)	0	1 (0.0)	1 (0.0)	0.935	0.760	0.725	0.863
Vaginal vault prolapse	2 (0.0)	0	1 (0.0)	1 (0.0)	0.935	0.760	0.725	0.863
Disorders of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes	263 (5.2)	15 (4.7)	124 (3.8)	125 (8.3)	< 0.001	0.430	0.030	< 0.001
Disruption of operation wound	75 (1.5)	2 (0.6)	37 (1.1)	36 (2.4)	0.001	0.366	0.039	0.001
Sepsis	3 (0.1)	0	1 (0.0)	2 (0.1)	0.381	0.761	0.526	0.201
Pneumonia	26 (0.5)	1 (0.2)	15 (0.5)	10 (0.7)	0.428	0.447	0.282	0.347
Embolism	36 (0.7)	0	19 (0.6)	16 (1.1)	0.045	0.173	0.062	0.058
Intestinal obstruction	35 (0.7)	0	14 (0.4)	21 (1.4)	< 0.001	0.239	0.035	0.000
Hematoma	10 (0.2)	0	4 (0.1)	6 (0.4)	0.156	0.517	0.277	0.091
Post-traumatic wound infection	12 (0.2)	0	7 (0.2)	5 (0.3)	0.504	0.415	0.311	0.457

Values are presented as number (%) unless otherwise indicated. LS, laparoscopic surgery; OS, open surgery; RS, robotic surgery; SD, standard deviation.