Table 1.

Heterogeneous treatment effects of the pop-up bike lane rollout

	$\times$ baseline (natural log) of
	[1] Population density	[2] PT modal share	[3] Bike lanes per capita	[4] Cycling modal share	[5] Cars per capita	[6] Car commute speeds	[7] Road deaths per capita
Pop-up treatment	0.221*	0.258***	−0.194*	0.093	−0.592	−0.509**	−0.351***
	(0.121)	(0.100)	(0.115)	(0.082)	(0.485)	(0.233)	(0.058)
N	59,521	27,486	24,611	27,486	34,408	26,886	34,922

Estimates are based on the interaction term of the treatment variable (in kilometers per city area) and the natural logarithm of the heterogeneity variables (column names). Coefficients are scaled to the average treatment dose in our sample. They can be interpreted as the unit change in cycling if a heterogeneity variable is one unit higher (when assuming treatment with an average pop-up bike lane program). All regressions include counter, city–week, and country–day fixed effects. They also include weather controls (7), a control for overall mobility (8), and a control for the number of counters active in a city on a given day. Data for the outcome variable are from the European Cyclists’ Federation (3) and data for the treatment variable are from municipal bike counters (Materials and Methods). All heterogeneity variables except for bike lanes per capita (17) are from the European Urban Audit (18, 19). Standard errors clustered at the city level are reported in parentheses. Significance levels are *P < 0.1, **P < 0.05, ***P < 0.01.