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. 2021 Apr 14;28(1):e100291. doi: 10.1136/bmjhci-2020-100291

Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies and interventions

ID Population Design Intervention
ID, country

  1. Diabetes duration.

  2. Age.

  3. Female ratio.

  4. Comorbidities.

  5. Medication.

  1. Setting.

  2. Sample size.

  3. Intervention duration.

  4. Blinding.

  5. Design.

  6. Control.

  7. ROB.

 1. Functions.
2. Cointerventions.
3. Theory.
4. DSME/DSMES.
Brath et al,34 Austria

  1. NR.

  2. 69.4 (SD 4.8).

  3. 30 (54.5%).

  4. HTN and HCHL.

  5. Oral AHs.

  1. PHC.

  2. I=53, C=53.

  3. 6 months.

  4. Single.

  5. Crossover.

  6. Standard blister.

  7. High.

 1. Received data from e-blister and transmitted to providers’ server.
2. e-blister, provider portal and reminder calls.
3. NR.
4. DSMS.
Alonso-Domínguez et al,32
Spain

  1. 6.55 (SD 4.64).

  2. 69.6 (SD 8.1).

  3. 93 (45.6%).

  4. HTN and HCHL.

  5. Oral AHs.

  1. PHC.

  2. I=102, C=102.

  3. 3 months.

  4. Open-label.

  5. Parallel.

  6. Usual care.

  7. Some concerns.

 1. Entering food intake and daily exercise data, provide detailed information on nutritional deviations in terms of diet composition and number of calories.
2. Walks, workshops.
3. NR.
4. DSMES.
Huang et al,30 Singapore

  1. 14.44 (SD 8.4).

  2. 49.08 (SD 11.4).

  3. 21 (51.2%).

  4. HTN and HCHL.

  5. Oral AHs and insulin.

  1. TC.

  2. I=22, C=19.

  3. 3 months.

  4. Single.

  5. Parallel.

  6. Usual care.

  7. Some concerns.

 1. Medication scheduling, reminder, tracking, data sharing and medication adherence assessments.
2. NR.
3. DSMS.
Kardas et al,29
Poland

  1. NR.

  2. 59.5 (SD 6.8).

  3. 24 (40%).

  4. HTN, HCHL and CAD.

  5. Oral AHs.

  1. PHC.

  2. I=30, C=30.

  3. 6 weeks.

  4. Open-label.

  5. Parallel.

  6. Usual care.

  7. Some concerns.

 1. Clinical monitoring, transmission (ECG, glucose, BP and respiration).
2. MEMS.
3. NR.
4. DSMES.
Kleinman et al,33 India

  1. 9.67 (SD 8.29).

  2. 48.4 (SD 9.2).

  3. 30 (30%).

  4. HTN and HCHL.

  5. Oral AHs and insulin.

  1. PHC.

  2. I=44, C=46.

  3. 6 months.

  4. Single.

  5. Parallel.

  6. Usual care.

  7. Low.

 1. Reminders, data visualisation, and ongoing support to increase self-care behaviours and to facilitate collaborative care decisions and interactions with providers.
2. Provider portal and app.
3. Health Belief Model (HBM) theory of planned behaviour and Bandura’s theory of self-efficacy.
4. DSMS.
Yang et al,31 South Korea

  1. NR.

  2. 57.6 (SD 10.59).

  3. 122 (49.4%).

  4. HTN and HCHL.

  5. Oral AHs and insulin.

  1. PHC.

  2. I=150, C=97.

  3. 3 months.

  4. Open-label.

  5. Parallel cluster.

  6. Usual care.

  7. Some concerns.

 1. Clinical monitoring and transmission to provider portals.
2. Short Message Service (SMS),12 provider portal.
3. NR.
4. DSMS.

Comorbidities: HTN, HCHL and CAD.

Settings: PHC and TC.

Sample size: I and C.

AH, antihyperglycaemic; BP, blood pressure; C, control group; CAD, coronary artery disease; DSMES, diabetes self-management education and support; DSMS, diabetes self-management support; HBM, Health Belief Model; HCHL, hypercholesterolaemia; HTN, hypertension; I, intervention group; MEMS, Medication Event Monitoring System; NR, not reported; PHC, primary healthcare; ROB, risk of bias; SMS, Short Message Service; TC, tertiary care.