Table 3.

Factors Significantly Associated with Adherence to Guidelines in at Least One Study

	BTF – ICP monitoring					BTF – direct transport	BTF – various recommendations		Scandinavian guidelines
	Alali (2013)	Biersteker (2012)	Farahvar (2012)	Griesdale (2010)	Talving (2013)	Härtl (2006)	Mauritz (2008)	Shafi (2014)	Harr (2011)	Heskestad (2008)
Patient and clinical characteristics
Age	– A	–	– A	– A	–	+		–	++	+/− A
Male sex	– A	+	+ A	+ A	+ A			++	+	+/− A
Insurance status	++ A*							+/−
Injury mechanism	++/– A	+/− A
GCS	− A	–	− A	– A	–**			+/− A
HISS									++	++ A
HAIS	+ A				+			++
Comorbidity	– A							+/− A
Extracranial injury		+ B			++			+/− A
Abnormal pupillary reactions		++	++ A		− A
Hypotension	– A	− A	− A	+ A	–			–****
Intracranial pathology	++ A	++	+ A	++ A	++			++
PTT					–
Process, hospital, and country characteristics
Decompressive craniotomy/ craniectomy				++ A	++***
Teaching status	++ A
Gross national product							++ A

+, Positive, nonsignificant effect; −, negative, nonsignificant effect; ++, positive, significant effect; –, negative, significant effect; +/−, = direction or statistical significance unknown.

^A, predictor is solely univariately assessed; ^B, predictor is significant in univariate analyses, but not in multivariable analyses.

^*Commercial insurance vs. noncommercial insurance (United States).

^**Lowest Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score within 24 h is statistically associated with adherence; median GCS was not statistically associated.

^***Decompressive craniotomy within 4 h is associated with adherence in univariate and multivariable analysis, decompressive craniotomy within 24 h is only associated in univariate analysis.

^****Authors measured systolic blood pressure. Higher systolic blood pressure is associated with more adherence

BTF, Brain Trauma Foundation; ICP, intracranial pressure; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; HISS, Head Injury Severity Scale; HAIS, Head Abbreviated Injury Scale; PTT, partial thromboplastin time.