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. 2020 Oct 26;162(5):1556–1566. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002125

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Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the International Association for the Study of Pain.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

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Figure 8. — High-frequency oscillations in early-GA patients. The figure shows the association with the vagal tone (P(HF)) and early skin-breaking procedures (SBPs). Data are reported for the patients with gestational age below 29 weeks (n = 31) during QUIET sleep (QS). The left panel shows how the P(HF) maturational trend differs in case of high SBPs (magenta curve, SBP ≥50) compared to low SBPs (green curve, SBP <50). SBPs seem to increase the power of HF oscillations. The right panel shows the boxplot trend as output of the two-way ANOVA: the division between HIGH SBPs and LOW SBPs is reported for each recording time. The P-value associated to the ANOVA is reported on y-axis, whereas the output of the Tukey–Kramer multiple comparison test is reported below each boxplots group. A significant SBP-by-measuring point interaction on P(HF) is found in quiet sleep (F(2,67) = 3.49, P = 0.04). High-frequency oscillations also increases over time (main effect of measuring point: F(2,67) = 6.49, P ≤ 0.01). Post hoc analysis showed this difference in HF oscillations between the HIGH and LOW SBP group is only significantly different at the last, PSG, recording (P = 0.04, indicated as * in the figure). ANOVA, analysis of variance; GA, gestational age; HF, high-frequency.