. 2020 Sep 17;35(2):192–202. doi: 10.1037/fam0000797

Table 2. Means, Standard Deviations, and Differences in Parenting, Mother’s Psychological Wellbeing, and Mutuality by Family Type.

	Solo mothers		Partnered mothers
Family functioning	M	SD	M	SD	F	p	η²
Note. SDQ = Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.
^a parent report. ^b teacher report. ^c parental interview. ^d child report. ^e observation.
Child adjustment
Mother SDQ^a	8.40	6.31	9.03	5.86	.03	.875	.00
Teacher SDQ^b	7.10	5.18	5.29	4.57	4.28	.043	.08
Positive parenting^c
Expressed warmth	3.87	.92	3.95	1.05	.16	.695	.00
Mother-to-child warmth	2.44	.60	2.57	.60	.73	.397	.01
Child-to-mother warmth	2.33	.66	2.46	.65	.46	.499	.01
Mother’s enjoyment of play	3.28	.65	3.05	.82	1.88	.175	.03
Amount of interaction	2.33	.58	2.43	.69	.20	.660	.00
Quality of interaction	2.97	.60	2.95	.82	.02	.882	.00
Negative parenting^c
Conflict	1.18	.55	1.06	.67	2.18	.144	.03
Frequency of battles	2.43	.15	2.19	1.71	.57	.465	.01
Level of battles	1.55	.55	1.31	.59	1.76	.190	.03
Criticism	1.43	.75	1.75	1.02	1.23	.271	.02
Parental acceptance/rejection^a	36.00	8.92	37.84	10.18	.59	.447	.01
Parental acceptance/rejection^d	30.00	5.13	31.42	5.24	.98	.325	.01
Mutuality^e
Child responsiveness	4.91	.87	4.97	.66	.07	.786	.00
Mother responsiveness	4.97	.97	5.19	.60	.37	.545	.01
Dyadic reciprocity	3.00	.85	3.03	.75	.01	.942	.00
Dyadic cooperation	2.97	1.06	3.06	1.00	.04	.852	.00
Psychological wellbeing^a
Trait Anxiety Inventory	35.48	7.09	38.11	10.55	.07	.790	.00
Edinburgh Depression Scale	5.07	3.76	6.35	4.82	2.01	.160	.03
Parenting Stress Index	62.53	13.19	67.51	17.48	.08	.777	.00