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. 2021 Apr 16;23(4):e25852. doi: 10.2196/25852

Table 2.

Significant markers associated with the modified clinical severity score of the study participants with COVID-19a.

Variable t test (or ANOVA) Cochran–Armitage trend test Pearson correlation analysis Spearman correlation analysis Kendall rank correlation analysis

t (or F) P value T P value r P value ρ P value T P value
Qualitative

Age N/Ab <.001 N/A N/A 0.41 <.001 0.38 <.001 0.32 <.001

Sex –0.08 <.001 (1)c N/A –0.05 <.001 –0.03 .01 –0.03 .01

BMI N/A <.001 N/A N/A 0.05 (.002) .002 0.04 .007 0.04 .007

Systolic blood pressure 0.11 <.001 N/A <.001 0.06 (P<.001) <.001 0.05 <.001 0.05 <.001

Heart rate N/A <.001 N/A N/A 0.04 .003 0.03 (.03) N/A 0.03 .03

Temperature 0.43 <.001 N/A <.001 0.18 <.001 0.18 <.001 0.18 <.001

Fever 0.39 <.001 N/A <.001 0.19 <.001 0.19 <.001 0.19 <.001

Sputum 0.08 .002 N/A <.001 0.04 .002 0.04 .006 0.04 .006

Sore throat –0.17 <.001 1 N/A –0.07 <.001 –0.06 <.001 –0.06 <.001

Runny nose or rhinorrhea –0.19 <.001 1 N/A –0.07 <.001 –0.07 <.001 –0.06 <.001

Fatigue or malaise 0.24 <.001 N/A <.001 0.06 <.001 0.05 <.001 0.05 <.001

Shortness of breath 0.95 <.001 N/A <.001 0.36 <.001 0.31 <.001 0.30 <.001

Headache –0.12 <.001 1 N/A –0.05 <.001 –0.05 <.001 –0.05 <.001

Altered consciousness or confusion 1.98 <.001 N/A <.001 0.18 <.001 0.14 <.001 0.14 <.001

Vomiting or nausea 0.26 <.001 N/A <.001 0.06 <.001 0.06 <.001 0.06 <.001

Diabetes mellitus 0.56 <.001 N/A <.001 0.21 <.001 0.19 <.001 0.19 <.001

Hypertension 0.57 <.001 N/A <.001 0.27 <.001 0.25 <.001 0.24 <.001

Heart failure 1.22 <.001 N/A <.001 0.14 <.001 0.13 <.001 0.13 <.001

Chronic cardiovascular disease 0.6 <.001 N/A <.001 0.12 <.001 0.12 <.001 0.11 <.001

Asthma 0.23 .01 N/A .001 0.04 .003 0.04 .005 0.04 <.001

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 0.93 <.001 N/A <.001 0.09 <.001 0.08 <.001 0.08 <.001

Chronic kidney disease 1.19 <.001 N/A <.001 0.14 <.001 0.12 <.001 0.12 <.001

Cancer 0.43 <.001 N/A <.001 0.08 <.001 0.07 <.001 0.07 <.001

Chronic liver disease 0.28 .02 N/A .002 0.04 .004 0.04 .005 0.04 .005

Dementia 1.26 <.001 N/A <.001 0.29 <.001 0.29 <.001 0.28 <.001
Quantitative

Hemoglobin N/A N/A N/A N/A –0.22 <.001 –0.19 <.001 –0.15 <.001

Hematocrit N/A N/A N/A N/A –0.24 <.001 –0.21 <.001 –0.17 <.001

Lymphocytes N/A N/A N/A N/A –0.38 <.001 –0.35 <.001 –0.28 <.001

Platelets N/A N/A N/A N/A –0.19 <.001 –0.22 <.001 –0.17 <.001

White blood cells N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.12 <.001 0.04 .02 0.03 .02

aFor each test, a variable with positive coefficient represents the predictor positively associated with an increase in clinical severity.

bN/A: not applicable.

cSex: Female=1, Male=0; clinical findings or comorbidities; Yes=1, No=0.