. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 May 1.

Published in final edited form as: Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2021 Mar 17;39(2):429–442. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2021.01.006

Table 2:

Formal, validated assessment tools and training for the 4-MS in the Emergency Department setting.

Category	Assessment tools
What Matters Most?	Brief negotiated interview model, VitalTalks model, EPEC-EM (education on palliative and end-of-life care for emergency medicine)³⁰
Medications	Online medication interaction checkers
Mentation	Short Blessed Test, Brief Alzheimer’s Screen, Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), 4AT
Mobility	Timed Up and Go, 4 Stage Balance Test, Sit to Stand Test