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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Health Place. 2020 Jun 15;64:102361. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102361

Table 3.

Difference-in-difference models by proximity to investment

Intervention (Proximity to investment < 0.1 mile) Comparison (Proximity to investment 0.1 mile or more) Difference-in-Difference
Baseline mean (SE) Change 2013–2016 (SE) Baseline mean (SE) Change 2013–2016 (SE) Intervention change – Comparison change
Walk Score 7.74 (0.12) 1.67 (0.11) *** 7.56 (0.09) 1.00 (0.10) *** 0.67 (0.15) ***
Incivility 4.28 (0.06) −0.28 (0.05) *** 4.95 (0.04) 0.15 (0.05) ** −0.43 (0.07) ***
Total crime 30.09 (1.31) 4.34 (0.97) *** 21.38 (0.81) 0.16 (0.88) 4.18 (1.30) **
Property crime 9.65 (0.45) 6.93 (0.46) *** 7.62 (0.33) 0.56 (0.42) 6.37 (0.62) ***
Violent crime 9.53 (0.55) −0.14 (0.47) 7.11 (0.36) 0.43 (0.42) −0.58 (0.63)
*

p<.05

**

p<.01

***

p<.001

Note: all models adjust for covariates and include attrition, as well as propensity score weighting, to account for sample attrition between baseline and follow-up and for imbalance in baseline covariates between the two groups (lives < .1 mile of investment, lives >= .1 mile of investment), respectively. Covariates included age, gender, household income, marital status, level of education, any children in household, and years in neighborhood.