Table 2.
The Main Findings Related to GERD Across the Articles
| First Author, Publication Year | Area (Country) | Clinical Study Design | Positive Related Factors | AOR (95% CI) | Negative Related Factors | AOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I. Mone, 20168 | Western country (Albanian) | Cross-sectional study | Non-Mediterranean diet | 2.3 (1.2–4.5) | ||
| Lulzim Çela, 20139 | Western country (Albanian) | Cross–sectional study | Current smoker | 29.3 (13.9–61.2) | ||
| Former smoker | 9.79 (4.22–22.7) | |||||
| Fried food | 3.01 (1.52–6.20) | |||||
| Physical inactivity | 7.03 (2.68-18.4) | |||||
| Ai Kubo, 201423 | Western country (American) | Cross–sectional study | Soft drinks | 1.86 (1.16–2.97) | Beer | 0.54 (0.31–0.96) |
| Citrus | 0.62 (0.41–0.94) | |||||
| Tea | 1.86 (1.02–3.4) | |||||
| Total fat | 1.77 (1.07–2.93) | |||||
| Frank K. Friedenberg, 201128 | Western country (American) | Cross–sectional study | Current smoker | 1.74 (1.15–2.65) | ||
| Gawon Ju, 201336 | Eastern country (Korea) | Cross-sectional study | Poor sleep quality | 3.5 (1.3–9.3) | ||
| Depressed mood | 2.8 (1.5–5.3) | |||||
| Yasuhiro Fujiwara, 200541 | Eastern country (Japan) | Case control study | Dinner-to–bed time was less than 3 h | 7.45 (3.38–16.4) | ||
| Tetsuya Murao, 201143 | Eastern country (Japan) | Cross–sectional study | Green tea drinker | 1.44 (1.07–1.94) | Hours of sleep | 0.90 (0.82–0.99) |
| Exercise | 0.74 (0.61–0.89) | |||||
| Masaki Miyamoto, 200744 | Eastern country (Japan) | Cohort study | Constipation | 7.259 (2.623–20.092) | ||
| Maria Pina Dore, 200832 | Western country (Italy) | Case control study | Education level only elementary | 3.2 (1.8–5.5) | ||
| Never exercise | 1.9 (1.2–3.5) | |||||
| Mirosław Jarosz, 201420 | Western country (Australia) | Case control study | Peppermint tea | 2.00 (1.08–3.70) | ||
| Omid Eslami, 201748 | Eastern country (Iran) | Cross–sectional study | Citrus intake Between meals | 2.22 (1.3–3.81) | ≥ 12 years schooling | 0.55 (0.33–0.91) |
| Haoxiang Zhang, 201954 | Eastern country (China) | Cross–sectional study | Education level (high school vs primary) | 2.804 (2.090–3.761) | ||
| Altitude of residence | 2.469 (1.714–3.556) | |||||
| Length of residence | 2.218 (1.836–2.679) | |||||
| Tibetan sweet tea | 2.158 (1.782 −2.613) | |||||
| Tibetan barley wine | 1.271 (1.060 −1.523) | |||||
| Tibetan dried meat | 1.278 (1.067 −1.532) | |||||
| Staying up late | 1.229 (1.026 −1.472) | |||||
| Jia He, 201056 | Eastern country (China) | Cross–sectional study | Rural | 1.40 (1.13–1.72) | ||
| X.-Q. Ma, 200961 | Eastern country (China) | Cross-sectional study | Urban dwelling | 3.6 (1.2–10.4) | ||
| Yan Gong, 201957 | Eastern country (China) | Cross–sectional study | Smoking | 1.19 (1.12–1.264) | Salt intake | 0.903 (0.853–0.956) |
| Alcohol consumption | 1.278 (1.207–1.353) | Physical activity | 0.846 (0.808–0.886) | |||
| Daily meat, fish, and egg intake | 1.088 (1.042-1.135) | Daily fruit intake | 0.91 (0.856–0.967) | |||
| Ling-Zhi Yuan, 201958 | Eastern country (China) | Cross–sectional study | Eating quickly | 4.06 (3.11–5.29) | ||
| Eating beyond fullness | 2.85 (2.18–3.73) | |||||
| Wearing girdles or corsets | 2.19 (1.42–3.38) | |||||
| Eating very hot foods | 1.54 (1.16–2.05) | |||||
| Lying down soon after eating | 1.81 (1.37–2.4) | |||||
| Smoking | 1.52 (1.07–2.15) | |||||
| Juan Du, 200762 | Eastern country (China) | Cross–sectional study | Divorced/widowed | 1.82 (1.27–2.60) | Greasy food | 0.75 (0.60–0.95) |
| Strong tea drinking | 0.67 (0.50–0.89) | |||||
| M Nilsson, 200430 | Western country (Norway) | Case Control study | Smoked daily for more than 20 years | 1.7 (1.5–1.9) | Coffee | 0.6 (0.4–0.7) |
| Table salt use | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | Bread high in dietary fibre content | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | |||
| Extra salt on regular meals | 1.7 (1.4–2.0) | Physical exercise of >30 minutes (>3/week) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | |||
| Sushil Kumar, 201149 | Eastern country (India) | Cross-sectional study | Sedentary lifestyle | 2.786 (1.016–7.638) | Intake of fresh fruits ≥1/week | 0.631 (0.409–0.973) |
| No intake of meat | 0.841 (0.715–0.990) | |||||
| Lower intake of salt tea | 1.663 (1.014–2.726) | |||||
| Sudipta Dhar Chowdhury, 201950 | Eastern country (India) | Cross–sectional study | Living in urban area | 2.3 (1.9 – 2.8) | ||
| Infrequent milk intake | 1.6 (1.3–1.9) | |||||
| Hai-Yun Wang, 201651 | Eastern country (India) | Cross-sectional study | Urban | 1.8 (1.3–2.5) | ||
| Pan masala chewing | 2.0 (1.2-3.2) | |||||
| Praveen Kumar Sharma, 201052 | Eastern country (India) | Cross-sectional study | Current smoking | 1.48 (1.19–1.83) | ||
| Shobna J. Bhatia, 201153 | Eastern country (India) | Cross-sectional study | Consumption of non–vegetarian food | 0.34 (0.211-0.545) | ||
| Shahid Ahmed, 202034 | Eastern country (Pakistan) | Cross–sectional study | Exercise time less than 30 minutes | 6.47 (4.91–8.53) | Post dinner physical activity (walking) | 0.25 (0.13–0.47) |
| Habit of midnight snacks | 5.08 (4.03–6.4) | Post dinner physical activity (sitting) | 0.45 (0.24–0.84) | |||
| Exercise daily >30 minutes | 0.02 (0.01–0.03) | |||||
| Feeling of inadequate sleep | 3.22 (2.57–4.03) | |||||
| Frequent skipping breakfast | 7 (2.17–3.35) | |||||
| Dinner within two hours before going to sleep | 6.98 (5.36–9.08) | |||||
| Habit of smoking | 6.25 (4.4–8.91) | |||||
| Post dinner physical activity (lying) | 2.24 (1.19-4.2) | |||||
| Shaha M, 201240 | Eastern country (Bangladesh) | Cross–sectional study | Level of education (Primary) | 3.095 (1.511–25.889) | ||
| Married | 4.852 (2.23–10.553) | |||||
| Widowed/widowers | 14.6 (5.879–36.258) | |||||
| P. J. Veugelers, 200622 | Western country (Canada) | Case control study | Liquor | 2.69 (1.05–6.92) | Vitamin C | 0.4 (0.19-0.87) |
| Nabil Joseph Awadalla, 201947 | Eastern country (Saudi Arabia) | Cross-sectional study | Insomnia | 1.65 (1.36–2.01) | ||
| Modh Said Rosaida, 200439 | Eastern country (Malaysia) | Cross–sectional study | Alcohol | 2.42 (1.11–5.23) | ||
| Education level | 1.52 (1.02-2.26) | |||||
| ZHANG Min, 201863 | Eastern country (China) | Cross-sectional study | Greasy food | 1.794 (1.237~2.731) | ||
| Smoking | 2.071 (1.560~2.869) | |||||
| YAO XiaoJun, 201864 | Eastern country (China) | Cross–sectional study | Eating beyond fullness | 3.2 (2.131–5.042) | ||
| High fat diet | 7.568, (4.557–8.908) | |||||
| Liquor | 2.262 (1.871–4.322) | |||||
| Mental stress | 2.122 (1.551–4.072) | |||||
| Constipation | 2.329 (1.409–4.271) | |||||
| Sweet | 1.952 (1.121-3.122) | |||||
| JIANG Chenglin, 201666 | Eastern country (China) | Cross–sectional study | Strong tea | 2. 145 (1.338–3. 438) | ||
| Greasy food | 2. 016 (1.208–3.318) | |||||
| RONG Liang, 201368 | Eastern country (China) | Cross–sectional study | High fat diet | 7.964 (6.146–10.319) | ||
| Alcohol | 3.804 (2.982–4.852) | |||||
| Strong tea | 2.758 (2.17–3.504) | |||||
| Eating beyond fullness | 2.408 (1.896–3.06) | |||||
| CHEN HuiXin, 200672 | Eastern country (China) | Case control study | Divorced, separated or widowed | 4.61 (2.15–9.89) | ||
| Heavy working pressure | 3.43 (1.72–6.84) | |||||
| JIANG Chu, 201069 | Eastern country (China) | Cross–sectional study | Rural | 2.237 (1.422–3.517) | ||
| High educated | 1.242 (1.001–1.542) | |||||
| Work and life are stressful | 1.277 (1.089–1.497) | |||||
| Poor mental state | 1.20 (1.046–1.665) | |||||
| SHEN Xu-De, 201070 | Eastern country (China) | Cross-sectional study | Eating beyond fullness | 2.053 (1.293,–3.26) | ||
| Sweet | 2.413 (1.252–3.679) | |||||
| Constipation | 1.65 (1.038–2.621) | |||||
| LIN XiaoDan, 201873 | Eastern country (China) | Case control study | Skipping breakfast | 2. 879 (1.479 −5.605) | ||
| Eat 2h before bed | 2. 402(1. 213 −4.756) | |||||
| Tea | 4.857 (2. 468–9. 559) | |||||
| Alcohol | 3.613 (1. 899 −6.874) | |||||
| Shortage of sleep | 2.832 (1. 501 −5.345) | |||||
| YUAN LinZHi, 201774 | Eastern country (China) | Case control study | Eating quickly | 3.214 (2.171– 4.759) | ||
| Eating beyond fullness | 2.936 (1.981–4.350) | |||||
| The belt too tight | 2.003 (1.013–3.961) | |||||
| Eating very hot foods | 1.570 (1.044~2.362) | |||||
| GAO HongLiang, 201275 | Eastern country (China) | Case control study | Spicy | 5.469 (2.57–11.64) | ||
| Constipation | 3.76 (1.592–8.884) | |||||
| YIN Yanwei, 201276 | Eastern country (China) | Cross–sectional study | Alcohol | 2.65 (1.03–6.81) | ||
| Eating beyond fullness | 2.81 (1.04–7.58) | |||||
| JIANG Xuan, 201177 | Eastern country (China) | Cross–sectional study | Alcohol | 2.63 (1.17–5.92) | ||
| Physical work | 1. 79 (1.13 −2.86) | |||||
| HU ShuiQing, 200978 | Eastern country (China) | Cross–sectional study | Eating beyond fullness | 2.78 (1.76–4.18) | ||
| Greasy food | 4.36 (2.61–9.08) | |||||
| Constipation | 2.06 (1.18–3.48) | |||||
| Mental stress | 2.11 (1.2–3.52.) | |||||
| ZHANG Hong, 200779 | Eastern country (China) | Cross–sectional study | Night shift | 1.381 (1.1113–1.713) | ||
| Physical labour | 2.043 (1.554–2.687) | |||||
| Eating beyond fullness | 1.775 (1.506–2.091) | |||||
| Greasy food | 1.506 (1.269–1.788) | |||||
| Strong tea | 1.572 (1.314–1.88) | |||||
| Sweet | 1.273 (1.075–1.508) | |||||
| Constipation | 1.724 (1.438–2.068) |
Abbreviations: GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; AOR, adjusted odds ratio.