Figure 3.

Dose-dependent effects of PdNPs, CSP, and GW4869 on the viability and proliferation of THP-1 cells. THP-1 cells were treated with various concentrations of (A) PdNPs (5–25 µM), (B) CSP (5–25 µM), and (C) GW4869 (5–25 µM) in RPMI-1640 cell culture medium supplemented with 1% FCS for 24 h, and cell viability was determined using CCK-8. Cell proliferation was determined by BrdU in THP-1 cells exposed to (D) PdNPs (5–25 µM), (E) CSP (5–25 µM), and (F) GW4869 (5–25 µM). The results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. The treated groups showed statistically significant differences from the control group by the Student’s t-test; *p <0.05 was considered significant.