Figure 12.

Effects of NAC and GW4869 on the influence of PdNPs on AChE and n- sphingomyelinase activities, exosomal protein level, and exosome count. THP-1 cells were treated with PdNPs (15 µM), CSP (10 µM), or GW4869 (20 µM) in RPMI-1640 cell culture medium supplemented with 1% FCS for 24 h. The cells were pre-treated with either NAC or GW4869. (A) AChE activity was determined in exosomes using a colorimetric method. (B) Neutral sphingomyelinase activity was estimated using the Amplex Red sphingomyelinase assay kit. (C) Total protein concentration of exosomes was determined using BCA. (D) Exosome counts were determined by EXOCET. The results are expressed as the mean fold change ± standard deviation from three independent experiments. The treated groups showed statistically significant differences from the control group by the Student’s t-test; *p <0.05 was considered significant.