Skip to main content
. 2021 Apr 15;16:611–619. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S289769

Table 1.

Socio-Demographic and Health Characteristics of the Study Sample by Sex

Variables Men Women p-value Total
n=756 n=1555 n=2311
aAge (years) Mean ± SD
(95% CI)
69.2± 6.8
(68.7–69.6)
69.2 ± 6.9
(68.9–69.6)
0.8151 69.2±6.9
(68.9–69.5)
bAge groups % (95% CI)
60–69.9 years 66.0 (62.5–69.4) 66.8 (64.3–69.1) 0.217 66.5 (64.5–68.4)
70–79. 9 years 26.6 (23.5–29.9) 24.1 (22.0–26.3) 24.9 (23.2–26.7)
≥ 80 years 7.4 (5.6–9.5) 9.1 (7.7–10.7) 8.6 (7.5–9.8)
bLiving alone % (95% CI) 8.9 (6.9–11.2) 10.5 (9.0–12.1) 0.244 10.0 (8.8–11.3)
cYears of education Median
(95% CI)
6.0 (6–6) 6.0 (6–6) 0.3289 6.0 (6–6)
bEducation > 8 years %
(95% CI)
41.1 (37.4–44.9) 40.0 (37.4–42.6) 0.626 40.4 (38.3–42.5)
cNumber of chronic diseases
Median (95% CI)
1 (1–2) 2 (2–2) <0.0001 2 (2–2)
bNumber of chronic diseases % (95% CI)
0 20.9 (18.1–24.0) 13.4 (11.7–15.2) <0.0001 15.8 (14.4–17.4)
1 32.3 (29.0–35.7) 27.5 (25.3–29.8) 29.1 (27.2–31.0)
2 27.4 (24.2–30.7) 26.9 (24.7–29.2) 27.0 (25.2–28.9)
≥ 3 19.4 (16.7–22.4) 32.2 (29.9–34.6) 28.0 (26.2–29.9)
bADL limitation ≥ 1%
(95% CI)
12.3 (10.0–149) 13.1 (11.4–14.8) 0.611 12.8 (11.5–14.2)
bIADL limitation ≥ 1%
(95% CI)
30.3 (27.0–33.7) 25.9 (23.8–28.2) 0.027 27.4 (25.5–29.2)
bWeekly physical activity in last three months % (95% CI)
0 74.8 (71.5–77.9) 76.3 (74.0–78.4) 0.005 75.8 (74.0–77.5)
1–4 18.8 (16.1–21.8) 20.4 (18.4–22.5) 19.9 (18.2–21.6)
≥ 5 6.3 (4.7–8.3) 3.4 (2.5–4.4) 4.3 (3.5–5.3)
bSmoking % (95% CI)
Never smoker 41.3 (37.6–45.0) 58.8 (56.3–61.3) <0.0001 53.2 (51.1–55.3)
Current Smoker 46.8 (43.1–50.6) 31.3 (29.0–33.7) 36.3 (34.3–38.3)
Previous smoker 11.9 (9.6–14.5) 9.9 (8.4–11.5) 10.5 (9.3–11.9)

Notes: aTwo-sample mean-comparison test; bPearson Chi2; cMann–Whitney test.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; ADL, activities of daily living; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living.