Table 1.
Socio-Demographic and Health Characteristics of the Study Sample by Sex
| Variables | Men | Women | p-value | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n=756 | n=1555 | n=2311 | ||
|
aAge (years) Mean ± SD (95% CI) |
69.2± 6.8 (68.7–69.6) |
69.2 ± 6.9 (68.9–69.6) |
0.8151 | 69.2±6.9 (68.9–69.5) |
| bAge groups % (95% CI) | ||||
| 60–69.9 years | 66.0 (62.5–69.4) | 66.8 (64.3–69.1) | 0.217 | 66.5 (64.5–68.4) |
| 70–79. 9 years | 26.6 (23.5–29.9) | 24.1 (22.0–26.3) | 24.9 (23.2–26.7) | |
| ≥ 80 years | 7.4 (5.6–9.5) | 9.1 (7.7–10.7) | 8.6 (7.5–9.8) | |
| bLiving alone % (95% CI) | 8.9 (6.9–11.2) | 10.5 (9.0–12.1) | 0.244 | 10.0 (8.8–11.3) |
|
cYears of education Median (95% CI) |
6.0 (6–6) | 6.0 (6–6) | 0.3289 | 6.0 (6–6) |
|
bEducation > 8 years % (95% CI) |
41.1 (37.4–44.9) | 40.0 (37.4–42.6) | 0.626 | 40.4 (38.3–42.5) |
|
cNumber of chronic diseases Median (95% CI) |
1 (1–2) | 2 (2–2) | <0.0001 | 2 (2–2) |
| bNumber of chronic diseases % (95% CI) | ||||
| 0 | 20.9 (18.1–24.0) | 13.4 (11.7–15.2) | <0.0001 | 15.8 (14.4–17.4) |
| 1 | 32.3 (29.0–35.7) | 27.5 (25.3–29.8) | 29.1 (27.2–31.0) | |
| 2 | 27.4 (24.2–30.7) | 26.9 (24.7–29.2) | 27.0 (25.2–28.9) | |
| ≥ 3 | 19.4 (16.7–22.4) | 32.2 (29.9–34.6) | 28.0 (26.2–29.9) | |
|
bADL limitation ≥ 1% (95% CI) |
12.3 (10.0–149) | 13.1 (11.4–14.8) | 0.611 | 12.8 (11.5–14.2) |
|
bIADL limitation ≥ 1% (95% CI) |
30.3 (27.0–33.7) | 25.9 (23.8–28.2) | 0.027 | 27.4 (25.5–29.2) |
| bWeekly physical activity in last three months % (95% CI) | ||||
| 0 | 74.8 (71.5–77.9) | 76.3 (74.0–78.4) | 0.005 | 75.8 (74.0–77.5) |
| 1–4 | 18.8 (16.1–21.8) | 20.4 (18.4–22.5) | 19.9 (18.2–21.6) | |
| ≥ 5 | 6.3 (4.7–8.3) | 3.4 (2.5–4.4) | 4.3 (3.5–5.3) | |
| bSmoking % (95% CI) | ||||
| Never smoker | 41.3 (37.6–45.0) | 58.8 (56.3–61.3) | <0.0001 | 53.2 (51.1–55.3) |
| Current Smoker | 46.8 (43.1–50.6) | 31.3 (29.0–33.7) | 36.3 (34.3–38.3) | |
| Previous smoker | 11.9 (9.6–14.5) | 9.9 (8.4–11.5) | 10.5 (9.3–11.9) | |
Notes: aTwo-sample mean-comparison test; bPearson Chi2; cMann–Whitney test.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; ADL, activities of daily living; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living.