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The anti-HBV mechanisms of NK cells.
Activated Kupffer cells (KCs), dendritic cells (DCs), and natural killer T (NKT) cells can activate NK cells with higher cytokines production. NKG2D ligands are upregulated in hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSC), et al., binding to NKG2D on NK cells and subsequently activating NK cells. Upregulated factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligands (TRAIL) on NK cells, binding to TRAL receptors (TRALR), are involved in lysis of infected cells.
