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. 2021 Apr 6;15:634868. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2021.634868

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Copyright © 2021 Miwa.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Metabolome heatmap, enrichment analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA). (A) Comparison between the cochlea of the YLFD and OLFD mice. The metabolic pathways related to methylhistidine metabolism, trehalose degradation, vitamin B6 metabolism, and the mitochondrial beta-oxidation of short-chain saturated fatty acids were activated in the cochlea of the OLFD mice. (B) Comparison between the cochlea of the YLFD and YHFD mice. The metabolic pathways related to glycolysis and aging were activated in the cochlea of the YHFD mice. (C) Comparison between the cochlea of the OLFD and OHFD mice. The metabolic pathways related to insulin resistance, obesity, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and aging showed greater activation in the cochlea of the OHFD mice. (D) Comparison between the cochlea of the YHFD and YHFD-MNAM mice. The metabolic pathways related to sphingolipid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, thiamine metabolism, ethanol degradation, the mitochondrial beta-oxidation of short-chain saturated fatty acids, and riboflavin metabolism showed greater activation in the cochlea of the YHFD-MNAM mice. (E) Comparison between the cochlea of the OHFD and OHFD-MNAM mice. The metabolic pathways related to nicotine and nicotinamide metabolism, purine metabolism, fructose, and mannose degradation and tryptophan metabolism showed greater activation in the cochlea of the OHFD-MNAM mice. (F) MNAM metabolomic analysis peaks in the cochlea at 3 and 6 months after the commencement of the experiment. MNAM expression in both YHFD and OHFD decreased with aging (p = 0.002). MNAM expression in YHFD-MNAM increased compared to the expression in YLFD and YHFD (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). MNAM expression in OHFD-MNAM increased compared to the expression in OLFD and OHFD (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). YLFD, low-fat diet-fed 3-month-old mice; OLFD, low-fat diet-fed 6-month-old mice; YHFD, high-fat diet-fed 3-month-old mice; OHFD, high-fat diet-fed 6-month-old mice; YHFD-MNAM, high-fat diet plus 1% N¹-methylnicotinamide-fed 3-month-old mice; OHFD-MNAM, a high-fat diet plus 1% N¹-methylnicotinamide-fed 6-month-old mice. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.