Table 3.
Adjusted odd ratios for the association between the socio-economic, behavioral factors and NCD risk factors (2013).
| Variable | Current tobacco use | Low fruit and vegetable consumption | Low physical activity | Overweight/obesity* | Hypertension* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | |
| Socio-economic factors | ||||||||||
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Female | 0.70*** | (0.53–0.90) | 0.86 | (0.73–1.02) | 1.61*** | (1.15–2.25) | 1.20*** | (1.07–1.35) | 1.54*** | (1.13–2.14) |
| Age | ||||||||||
| 15–24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 25–34 | 1.12 | (0.84–1.52) | 0.74*** | (0.61–0.91) | 1.05 | (0.64–1.72) | 1.86*** | (1.55–3.42) | 1.87*** | (1.61–2.18) |
| 35–44 | 1.07 | (0.78–1.50) | 0.64*** | (0.52–0.79) | 1.05 | (0.61–1.78) | 5.53*** | (4.81–6.35) | 3.26*** | (2.81–3.79) |
| 45–54 | 1.03 | (0.73–1.46) | 0.39*** | (0.31–0.49) | 1.10 | (0.62–1.95) | 6.87*** | (5.79–8.14) | 5.93*** | (5.01–7.00) |
| 55–64 | 0.83 | (0.56–1.26) | 0.35*** | (0.26–0.45) | 1.43 | (0.68–3.00) | 7.69*** | (6.18–9.57) | 10.6*** | (8.68–13.1) |
| 65+ | 0.27 | (0.17–18.4) | 0.29*** | (0.22–0.40) | 0.95 | (0.41–2.20) | 4.53*** | (3.65–5.63) | 10.2*** | (8.21–12.7) |
| Marital status | ||||||||||
| Not married | 4.45 | (0.51–39.5) | 0.42*** | (0.23–0.77) | 0.85 | (0.38–1.88) | 0.51*** | (0.38–0.69) | 0.52*** | (0.35–0.77) |
| Married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Education | ||||||||||
| Below primary school | 1.01 | (0.56–1.84) | 3.75*** | (2.02–6.94) | 2.35 | (0.92–5.99) | 1.07 | (0.63–1.80) | 1.07 | (0.63–1.81) |
| Primary school | 0.63 | (0.34–1.19) | 2.02*** | (1.12–3.64) | 1.91 | (0.76–4.80) | 0.71 | (0.42–1.19) | 1.35 | (0.68–1.89) |
| Intermediate school | 0.75 | (0.45–1.30) | 2.51*** | (1.37–4.60) | 1.92 | (0.89–4.17) | 0.75 | (0.46–1.22) | 1.04 | (0.63–1.72) |
| High school | 0.73 | (0.06–7.30) | 1.68 | (0.94–2.98) | 1.55 | (0.69–3.44) | 0.31 | (0.05–1.68) | 1.08 | (0.65–1.79) |
| Higher education | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Work status | ||||||||||
| Government employee | 0.18 | (0.01–1.82) | 1.02 | (0.22–4.70) | 1.23 | (0.52–2.38) | 1.22*** | (1.02–1.46) | 1.28*** | (1.06–1.54) |
| Homemaker | 0.99 | (0.75–1.81) | 1.32 | (1.03–1.69) | 0.34*** | (0.19–0.60) | 1.37 | (0.46–4.11) | 2.28 | (0.75–6.90) |
| Non-government employee | 0.61*** | (0.40–0.93) | 0.94 | (0.75–1.19) | 0.34*** | (0.18–0.63) | 1.16 | (0.98–1.36) | 1.23*** | (1.03–1.46) |
| Retired | 1.30 | (0.95–1.80) | 0.85 | (0.61–1.20) | 0.25*** | (0.13–0.48) | 1.03 | (0.80–1.33) | 1.12 | (0.86–1.47) |
| Self-employed | 2.41*** | (1.15–5.08) | 1.27 | (0.20–5.69) | 0.11*** | (0.03–0.43) | 0.65 | (0.25–1.70) | 1.61*** | (1.25–2.06) |
| Student | 0.39*** | (0.27–0.53) | 1.41*** | (1.01–1.97) | 0.26*** | (0.13–0.50) | 0.97 | (0.76–1.25) | 1.28 | (0.98–1.66) |
| Unemployed | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Monthly income | ||||||||||
| <3,000 SR | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 3,000 to <5,000 SR | 0.94 | (0.73–1.25) | 0.41 | (0.31–0.55) | 1.58 | (0.65–1.78) | 1.33 | (0.95–1.87) | 0.88 | (0.72–1.07) |
| 5,000 to <7,000 SR | 0.92 | (0.68–1.31) | 0.37 | (0.27–0.51) | 1.01 | (0.65–1.73) | 1.28*** | (1.03–2.03) | 0.95 | (0.75–1.21) |
| 7,000 to <10,000 SR | 1.15 | (0.74–1.69) | 0.29 | (0.20–0.44) | 0.91 | (0.51–1.77) | 1.49*** | (1.18–1.89) | 0.79 | (0.56–1.12) |
| 10,000 to <15,000 SR | 0.81 | (0.64–1.06) | 0.66 | (0.50–1.87) | 0.89 | (0.49–1.72) | 1.49*** | (1.25–1.77) | 0.94 | (0.79–1.20) |
| 15,000 to <20,000 SR | 0.43 | (0.25–2.75) | 0.93 | (0.54–1.58) | 0.98 | (0.57–1.79) | 1.53*** | (1.28–1.82) | 0.66*** | (0.47–0.94) |
| 20,000 to <30,000 SR | 0.62 | (0.43–0.93) | 0.53 | (0.40–0.69) | 0.81 | (0.23–1.91) | 1.63*** | (1.25–2.13) | 0.88 | (0.73–1.06) |
| ≥30,000 SR | 0.61 | (0.45–0.85) | 0.95 | (0.71–1.28) | 2.43*** | (1.35–4.36) | 1.33*** | (1.01–2.08) | 0.85 | (0.64–1.11) |
| Behavioral factors | ||||||||||
| Current tobacco use | ||||||||||
| Yes | 0.62*** | (0.45–0.79) | 1.36*** | (1.07–1.69) | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Fruit and vegetable intake | ||||||||||
| Low | 1.30*** | (1.15–1.49) | 0.88 | (0.78–1.00) | ||||||
| High | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Physical activity | ||||||||||
| Low | 0.99 | (0.79–1.24) | 0.89 | (0.71–1.11) | ||||||
| High | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Overweight/obese | ||||||||||
| Yes | 2.21*** | (2.01–2.43) | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | |||||||||
***
Statistically significant at 95% confidence level (CI).
*
Overweight/obesity and hypertension were associated with other NCD risk factors. As a result their analysis was extended to assess such association.