TABLE 3.
Strains with caffeine N-demethylation genes and/or metabolites isolated from coffee berry borers, coffee plantation soils, and coffee plants.
| Coffee berry borer (present paper) | Coffee berry borer (Ceja-Navarro et al., 2015) | Coffee plantation soils | Coffee plants |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa (S68) | Brachybacterium rhamnosum | Acinetobacter sp. (Yamaoka-Yano and Mazzafera, 1998) | Pseudomonas sp. (Baker et al., 2012) |
| Pseudomonas parafulva | Enterobacter sp. | Coryneform bacterium (Yamaoka-Yano and Mazzafera, 1998) | P. monteilii (Arimurti et al., 2018) |
| Pseudomonas sp. S30, S31, S32, S37, S44, S60, S75 | Jonesiae | Flavobacterium sp. (Yamaoka-Yano and Mazzafera, 1998) | P. putida (Nunes and de Melo, 2006) |
| Acinetobacter sp. S40*, S54*, S55* | Kosakonia cowanii | Pseudomonas sp.** (Dash and Gummadi, 2006) | |
| Bacillus aryabhattai* | Microbacterium binotii | Pseudomonas sp. (Gokulakrishnan et al., 2007) | |
| Delftia lacustris* | Novosphigobium sp. | Pseudomonas alcaligenes (Sarath Babu et al., 2005) | |
| Erwinia sp. S38*, S43*, S63* | Ochrobactrum sp. | Pseudomonas putida (Yamaoka-Yano and Mazzafera, 1998) | |
| Klebsiella oxytoca* | Pantoea eucalypti | Pseudomonas putida** (Yamaoka-Yano and Mazzafera, 1999) | |
| Ochrobactrum sp. S45*, S46* | Pantoea septica | Serratia marcescens** (Mazzafera et al., 1996) | |
| Pantoea sp. S61*, S62 | Pantoea vagans | ||
| Bacillus sp. S72, | Pseudomonas sp. | ||
| Stenotrophomonas sp. S39 | Pseudomonas fluorescens | ||
| Pseudomonas fulva | |||
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia |
In column one, Pseudomonas sp. S32, S37, S60 and P. parafulva, had the full complement of N-demethylation genes (ndmABCDE) and caffeine breakdown metabolites were detected by HPLC; Pseudomonas sp. S31 had the full complement of N-demethylation genes but metabolites were not detected; an asterisk denotes that one, two, or three N-demethylation genes were identified, but no N-demethylation metabolites were detected, i.e., N-demethylation is not being expressed; no N-demethylation genes were detected in Bacillus sp. S72, Pantoea sp. S62, and Stenotrophomonas sp. S39, but metabolites were detected; ndmD and ndmE, as well as N-demethylation metabolites, were detected in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Of the 50 strains isolated from the coffee berry borer, eight listed in bold in the first column were the only ones capable of growing in M9 minimal media containing 0.25% caffeine as the sole carbon source. Among all the bacteria listed in the second column, N-demethylation was only positively determined for P. fulva (Ceja-Navarro et al., 2015). Two asterisks in the third column indicates N-demethylation; otherwise, the caffeine breakdown mechanism was not determined. The caffeine breakdown mechanism was not determined for bacteria isolated from coffee plants (fourth column).