TABLE 3.
ANOVA analysis of p-BEM markers, Regulatory co-factors (Magnesium and pH), and membrane phospholipid markers in the four brain regions-frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital across the three cohorts: cognitively normal (CN) adults, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (*indicates those F tests which satisfy FDR = 0.10). Tukey post hoc analysis for the significant group difference.
| Independent variables | Brain region | ANOVA results df = (2,38) F-statistics p-value df = (2,38) |
Post hoc Tukey multiple comparisons |
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| MCI to CN mean difference (p-value) | AD to CN mean difference (p-value) | AD to MCI mean difference (p-value) | ||||
| BEM indices | ||||||
| Energy reserve index: PCr/t-ATP | Frontal Temporal Parietal Occipital | 0.042 15.09 1.57 0.76 | 0.96 <0.001*** 0.22 0.47 | 0.11(0.96) −0.88(0.009) −0.63(0.20) −0.01(0.999) | 0.07(0.99) −1.65(<0.001) −0.23(0.83) −0.44(0.52) | -0.04(0.99) -0.77(0.04) 0.40(0.56) -0.43(0.53) |
| Energy consumption index: intracellular Pi/t-ATP | Frontal Temporal Parietal Occipital | 0.106 4.82 1.87 0.003 | 0.9 0.01* 0.17 0.997 | −0.08(0.98) −0.80(0.05) −0.44(0.45) 0.03(0.99) | −0.19(0.89) −1.04(0.018) 0.29(0.73) 0.03(0.99) | -0.11(0.96) -0.24(0.79) 0.73(0.16) 0.09(0.99) |
| Extracellular Pi/t-ATP | Frontal Temporal Parietal Occipital | 3.01 2.06 0.202 2.12 | 0.06* 0.14 0.82 0.13 | 0.43(0.44) −0.71(0.12) 0.22(0.82) −0.35(0.59) | 0.93(0.05) −0.32(0.69) 0.04(0.99) 0.44(0.49) | 0.50(0.40) 0.40(0.56) -0.18(0.89) 0.80(0.11) |
| Metabolic state indicator: intracellular_Pi/PCr | Frontal Temporal Parietal Occipital | 0.126 5.68 0.76 0.516 | 0.88 0.007** 0.47 0.60 | −0.07(0.98) −0.21(0.80) 0.001(0.999) −0.07(0.98) | −0.20(0.87) 0.95(0.03) 0.44(0.52) 0.32(0.71) | -0.13(0.95) 1.15(0.007) 0.44(0.53) 0.39(0.60) |
| Extracellular_Pi/PCr | Frontal Temporal Parietal Occipital | 3.27 3.44 0.47 2.53 | 0.049* 0.042* 0.63 0.09* | 0.47(0.38) −0.08(0.97) 0.34(0.63) −0.32(0.64) | 0.96(0.04) 0.83(0.08) 0.07(0.98) 0.54(0.34) | 0.49(0.40) 0.91(0.05) -0.27(0.78) 0.86(0.076) |
| Regulatory co-factor | ||||||
| Intracellular pH | Frontal Temporal Parietal Occipital | 1.34 0.25 0.27 3.40 | 0.26 0.78 0.77 0.04* | −0.17(0.24) −0.03(0.99) 0.27(0.75) −0.36(0.56) | −0.17(0.91) 0.23(0.83) 0.09(0.97) −0.98(0.03) | 0.42(0.53) 0.27(0.79) -0.17(0.91) -0.62(0.24) |
| Intracellular magnesium(Mg2+) | Frontal Temporal Parietal Occipital | 0.61 6.48 2.03 1.50 | 0.55 0.0038** 0.14 0.24 | −0.34(0.63) 0.16(0.87) −0.14(0.92) −0.03(0.99) | 0.05(0.99) −1.03(0.015) 0.61(0.27) −0.61(0.27) | 0.39(0.60) -1.19(0.004) 0.75(0.14) -0.59(0.30) |
| Membrane phospholipid indices | ||||||
| PMEs/PDEs | Frontal Temporal Parietal Occipital | 1.76 0.91 1.85 2.12 | 0.18 0.41 0.17 0.13 | −0.11(0.95) −0.27(0.75) 0.61(0.22) −0.73(0.11) | 0.59(0.29) 0.27(0.78) 0.61(0.27) −0.32(0.69) | 0.69(0.18) 0.54(0.38) 0.01(1.00) 0.41(0.55) |
*p < 0.10, **p < 0.01, ***p.0.001.