Table 2.
The application of MSC-derived exosomes in GvHD and transplantation.
| Clinical research | Source of exo | Injection-methods | Injection dose | Type of Study | Research results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| An cGVHD mouse model | MSCs-exo/Fib-exo | Tail vein injection | Once a week for 6 weeks | Preclinical studies | MSCs-exo could improve the survival and ameliorate the pathologic damage of cGVHD by suppressing Th17 cells and inducing Treg | (120) |
| MSC-ex secreted by MSCs stimulated by different cytokines | huc-MSCs | / | / | Preclinical studies | TGF-β combined with IFN-γ exosome more effectively promoted the transformation of mononuclear cells to Tregs, IDO may play an important role | (54) |
| An aGVHD mouse model | BM-MSCs | Intravenous injection | / | Preclinical studies | The amelioration of aGVHD by therapeutic infusion of BM-MSC-derived EVs is associated with the preservation of circulating naive T cells | (123) |
| The lethal chimeric human-SCID mouse model of GvHD | MSCs-exo were incubated with mouse spleen CD4+ T cells | / | / | Preclinical studies | MSC exosome enhanced Treg production in vitro and in vivo through an APC-mediated pathway. | (121) |
| aGVHD | MSCs-exo | Intravenous injection | 4 × 107 MSCs was calculated as 1 unit, administered every 2–3 days until 4 units | Preclinical studies | MSC-derived exosomes may provide a potential new and safe tool to treat therapy-refractory GvHD | (119) |
| A mouse hepatic I/R model | MSCs-Heps-exo | Tail vein injection | 100 μg | Preclinical studies | In vivo, MSC-Heps-Exo effectively relieve hepatic I/R damage, reduce hepatocyte apoptosis | (86) |
| A mouse hepatic I/R model | UC-MSCs | Tail vein injection | / | Preclinical studies | MiR-20a-containing exosomes from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells alleviates liver ischemia/reperfusion injury | (85) |
| Mouse models of CCl4-induced ALI/CLI | hucMSCs-exo | Tail vein injection | 6 × 1010 particles/kg, 1.2 × 1011 particles/kg, 2.4 × 1011 particles/kg | Preclinical studies | hucMSC-Ex alleviated CCl4-induced acute liver injury and liver fibrosis and restrained the growth of liver tumors | (70) |
| Myocardial I/R model | MSCs-exo | Intramyocardial injection | 50 μg | Preclinical studies | MSCs-exo attenuated myocardial I/R injury in mice via shuttling miR-182, which modified the polarization status of macrophages | (83) |
| Rats heart transplants model | IDO-BMSCs | Intravenous injection | 800 mg/ml | Preclinical studies | Exosomes derived from IDO-BMSCs can be used to promote immunotolerance and prolong the survival of cardiac allografts | (97) |
| An rat IRI model | BMSCs-exo/Fib-exo | Intravenous injection | / | Preclinical studies | Rat BM-MSC-derived exosome protects against ischemia reperfusion injury with decreased inflammatory response and apoptosis in rats. | (84) |
| An IRR-induced ALL model | BMSCs-exo | Intravenous injection | 5–10 μg | Preclinical studies | MSC-derived exosomes provide protection similar to that of MSCs against IIR-induced ALI via inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB signaling | (87) |
exo, exosome; cGVHD, chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease; Fib-exo, exosomes from human dermal fibroblasts; huc-MSCs, human umbilical cord-derived MSCs; aGvHD, acute graft-versus-host Disease; SCID, severe combined immunodeficiency disease; I/R, Ischemia/Reperfusion injury; MSC-Heps-exo, mesenchymal stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cell exosomes; CCl4, carbon tetrachloride; ALI, acute liver injury; CLI, chronic liver injury; IDO, indoleamine 2;3-dioxygenase; ALI, acute lung injury; IIR, intestinal ischemia-reperfusion.