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. 2021 Apr 19;11:8442. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87789-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Disrupted intra- and inter-network functional connectivity at different task demands in stroke patients. (A) Significant group and task interaction effects were found between AA/AU/PA and PU. (B) Compared to age-matched healthy controls, stroke patients showed more disrupted intra- and inter-network FC during AA, AU, and PA tasks. During AA, stroke patients demonstrated lower FC in ipsilesional default as well as bilateral control, SalVenAttn, DorsAttn, SomMot, and subcortical networks. Remarkably, stroke patients presented additionally lower DorsAttn intra-network FC in AA compared to other tasks. Along with the decremental task demands, stroke patients showed less aberrant intra- and inter-network FC disruption. (C) The average FC of edges showing significant interaction effects for four representative networks impaired in stroke patients based on NBS statistics in panel (A) were shown. (D) Especially for the AA task, stroke patients showed more anti-correlation than healthy controls in default, control, and DorsAttn networks. Data are presented as mean ± standard error, AA active-affected, AU active-unaffected, C contralesional, DorsAttn dorsal attention, FC functional connectivity, I ipsilesional, NBS network-based statistics, PA passive-affected, PU passive-unaffected, SalVenAttn salience/ventral attention, SomMot somatomotor, TempPar temporoparietal.