Table 1.
Subject demographic and behavioral characteristics.
| Healthy controls (n = 11) | Stroke patients (n = 18) |
p-value (2-tailed) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 56.73 (4.47) | 52.89 (10.32) | 0.180 |
| Sex (male/female) | 6/5 | 14/4 | 0.425 |
| Handedness (left/right) | 0/11 | 2/16 | 0.520 |
| Time post-stroke (months), mean (SD) | – | 33.61 (19.80) | – |
| Affected hemisphere (left/right) | – | 8/10 | – |
| Baseline Fugl–Meyer Assessment score, mean (SD) | – | 34.33 (7.50) | – |
| Fugl–Meyer Assessment change score, mean (SD) | – | 5.33 (5.02) | – |
| Baseline grip strength (kg), mean (SD) | – | 6.12 (3.94) | – |
| Baseline box and block test, mean (SD) | – | 3.67 (4.50) | – |
Independent t test was performed to compare the group difference in age. Fisher’s exact test was performed to compare the group difference in sex and handedness separately. There was no significant group difference in age, sex, and handedness (p > 0.05). Fugl–Meyer Assessment change score refers to the change after motor imagery-assisted brain computer interface-based training with and without transcranial direct current stimulation intervention (i.e., post-intervention minus pre-intervention).