Table 1.
Comparison of CSF inflammatory parameters (median [p25th-p75th]) between neonates exposed to Zika virus during fetal life, with or without congenital microcephaly, and controls.
| CSF inflammatory parameters (pg/ml) | Controls n = 14 |
Cases with and without microcephaly n = 14 |
Pa | Cases with microcephaly n = 7 |
Pb | Cases without microcephaly n = 7 |
Pc | Pd |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Results with significant difference | ||||||||
| IL-1α | 31.0 (20.6–39.3) | 18.2 (13.8–22.5) | 0.008 | 20.5 (15.5–33.0) | 0.2 | 15.0 (13.0–20.0) | 0.004 | 0.2 |
| IL-7 | 13.3 (11.9–14.4) | 11.5 (9.8–13.5) | 0.048 | 11.5 (10.0–12.5) | 0.07 | 11.4 (9.0–13.9) | 0.2 | 0.9 |
| IP10/CXCL10 | 1425.5 (657.8–2274.6) | 447.8 (182.5–1358.0) | 0.03 | 564.0 (260.0–2576.0) | 0.5 | 261.5 (151.0–572.0) | 0.006 | 0.3 |
| MCP1/CCL2 | 10,611.8 (7253.5–14,501.9) | 10,299.0 (6877.0–15,641.1) | 0.7 | 7999.5 (3737.5–11,432.0) | 0.2 | 15,580.0 (9166.0–16,028.0) | 0.06 | 0.03 |
| TNF-β | 8.0 (7.4–9.6) | 8.7 (7.1–9.7) | 0.9 | 9.7 (8.5–10.0) | 0.2 | 7.6 (6.5–8.8) | 0.2 | 0.03 |
| GCSF | 16.0 (12.9–19.6) | 13.0 (11.0–14.3) | 0.047 | 13.0 (13.0–14.0) | 0.2 | 11.0 (9.0–15.0) | 0.06 | 0.2 |
| IL-4 | 10.0 (9.5–10.7) | 10.5 (9.4–11.6) | 0.4 | 11.5 (10.2–13.0) | 0.01 | 9.4 (8.4–10.7) | 0.3 | 0.009 |
| Results without significant difference | ||||||||
| EGF | 8.5 (7.3–10.7) | 9.0 (7.6–10.0) | 0.6 | 9.5 (8.3–10.2) | 1.0 | 8.0 (7.1–9.2) | 0.4 | 0.2 |
| EOTAXIN/CCL11 | 10.2 (8.0–10.8) | 9.4 (8.9–10.4) | 1.0 | 9.5 (9.0–10.5) | 0.9 | 9.3 (8.0–10.4) | 1.0 | 0.8 |
| GMCSF | 13.5 (12.8–16.0) | 13.0 (11.4–16.1) | 0.7 | 12.0 (11.0–17.0) | 0.4 | 14.0 (13.0–16.0) | 0.8 | 0.4 |
| IFN-α2 | 9.0 (7.3–11.0) | 8.0 (7.7–10.0) | 0.7 | 8.0 (7.9–8.0) | 0.6 | 9.0 (7.2–11.0) | 0.9 | 0.7 |
| IFN-γ | 12.2 (11.5–13.2) | 11.9 (10.5–13.6) | 0.5 | 13.4 (10.5–14.0) | 0.5 | 11.0 (10.3–12.3) | 0.09 | 0.08 |
| IL-12p40 | 15.5 (12.7–17.6) | 13.8 (11.6–18.0) | 0.6 | 16.8 (12.2–21.5) | 0.6 | 13.0 (11.5–14.0) | 0.1 | 0.2 |
| IL-12p70 | 8.6 (7.3–9.2) | 9.0 (8.2–9.6) | 0.3 | 9.5 (8.4–9.6) | 0.2 | 8.4 (8.0–9.4) | 0.6 | 0.2 |
| IL-15 | 22.4 (18.2–28.1) | 23.3 (19.6–25.9) | 0.9 | 23.5 (20.0–28.5) | 0.7 | 23.0 (18.5–25.0) | 0.8 | 0.7 |
| IL-17A | 11.5 (10.2–12.3) | 12.1 (10.2–12.6) | 0.5 | 12.0 (10.1–13.0) | 0.6 | 12.2 (10.2–12.5) | 0.6 | 0.9 |
| IL-1β | 8.3 (7.3–9.3) | 8.5 (8.1–9.5) | 0.5 | 9.0 (8.0–9.5) | 0.3 | 8.3 (8.1–8.6) | 1.0 | 0.3 |
| IL-2 | 13.9 (13.0–15.1) | 13.3 (12.7–14.3) | 0.3 | 13.0 (12.8–14.2) | 0.3 | 13.9 (10.5–14.4) | 0.4 | 0.8 |
| IL-3 | 10.7 (9.5–11.0) | 10.7 (10.3–11.5) | 0.6 | 10.6 (10.4–11.5) | 0.9 | 10.8 (10.1–11.5) | 0.6 | 1.0 |
| IL-5 | 8.9 (7.7–9.6) | 9.5 (8.0–10.7) | 0.4 | 10.5 (7.9–10.8) | 0.1 | 8.5 (8.0–10.0) | 1.0 | 0.3 |
| IL-6 | 14.3 (12.7–17.3) | 13.1 (10.9–15.5) | 0.2 | 13.7 (11.0–15.3) | 0.4 | 12.5 (10.5–16.0) | 0.3 | 0.8 |
| IL-8 | 1274.5 (842.8–2227.4) | 1108.8 (509.4–2166.8) | 0.6 | 1063.0 (531.0–1383.0) | 0.4 | 1666.5 (444.5–4307.5) | 1.0 | 0.5 |
| MIP-1α/CCL3 | 23.8 (15.5–54.0) | 16.5 (15.2–29.5) | 0.3 | 16.0 (15.3–37.0) | 0.6 | 17.0 (15.0–24.0) | 0.3 | 0.7 |
| MIP-1 β/CCL4 | 17.2 (14.0–24.3) | 14.8 (12.9–18.5) | 0.3 | 15.0 (12.5–18.0) | 0.5 | 14.4 (13.0–20.0) | 0.4 | 0.9 |
| TNF-α | 12.9 (10.7–17.3) | 12.8 (8.8–14.6) | 0.3 | 13.5 (8.0–15.0) | 0.6 | 11.5 (9.0–14.5) | 0.2 | 0.6 |
| VEGF | 12.8 (11.3–13.8) | 13.3 (11.0–14.6) | 0.7 | 13.5 (12.8–13.9) | 0.4 | 11.5 (10.5–15.0) | 0.8 | 0.7 |
| IL-10 | 9.1 (7.9–9.9) | 8.8 (8.4–10.4) | 0.9 | 9.5 (8.6–13.6) | 0.2 | 8.7 (7.0–8.8) | 0.3 | 0.08 |
| IL-13 | 11.7 (10.5–13.1) | 11.7 (10.5–12.6) | 1.0 | 11.9 (10.1–12.5) | 0.9 | 11.6 (10.5–13.5) | 0.9 | 0.8 |
| IL-1RA | 14.9 (13.9–18.0) | 15.3 (13.8–17.4) | 0.9 | 15.0 (13.0–19.0) | 0.9 | 15.5 (14.1–16.0) | 0.9 | 0.7 |
| CSF inflammatory parameters ratios (median [p25th-p75th]) with significant difference | ||||||||
| IL-4/GCSF | 0.6593 (0.5118–0.7775) | 0.7846 (0.7281–0.9308) | 0.01 | 0.8000 (0.7286–1.0000) | 0.02 | 0.7636 (0.7267–0.8889) | 0.09 | 0.6 |
| IL-4/IL-1α | 0.3468 (0.2348–0.4706) | 0.5945 (0.4059–0.7702) | 0.004 | 0.5756 (0.3333–0.7879) | 0.05 | 0.6133 (0.4200–0.7643) | 0.007 | 0.7 |
| IL-4/IL-7 | 0.7637 (0.7014–0.8494) | 0.9173 (0.7480–1.0708) | 0.06 | 0.9709 (0.8870–1.2366) | 0.02 | 0.7619 (0.7368–1.0444) | 0.5 | 0.3 |
| IL-4/IP10 | 0.008215 (0.004132–0.01604) | 0.02426 (0.006650–0.05306) | 0.02 | 0.02092 (0.004347–0.05000) | 0.3 | 0.04092 (0.01749–0.06225) | 0.009 | 0.4 |
aComparison between cases with and without microcephaly and controls.
bComparison between cases with microcephaly and controls.
cComparison between cases without microcephaly and controls.
dComparison between cases with and cases without microcephaly.