Table 3. CHIP mutations and associated cardiovascular risk.

Cohort	Mutation	Age	Cardiovascular risk	HR	Ref
US population based	Any CHIP mutation	Median 58 years	Incident coronary artery disease	2.0 (1.2–3.5)	[3]
			Ischaemic stroke	2.6 (1.3–4.8)
PROMIS	Any CHIP mutation	<50 years	Early onset myocardial infarction (before the age of 50)	4.0 (2.4–6.7)	[5]
ATVB				5.4 (2.3–13.0)
U.K. Biobank	Any CHIP mutation	Mean 61 years	Myocardial infarction, coronary artery revascularisation, stroke or death	1.27 (1.04–1.56)	[6]
Chronic ischaemic HFrEF	TET2 or DNMT3A	Median 69 years	Heart failure hospitalisation or all-cause death	2.1 (1.1–4.0)	[7]
Severe aortic stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement	TET2 or DNMT3A	Median 83 years	Risk of death following transcatheter aortic valve replacement	3.1 (1.17–8.08)	[8]

Abbreviations: ATVB, Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology Italian Study Group; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HR, hazard ratio; PROMIS, Pakistan Risk of Myocardial Infarction Study.