Figure 2. Metabolic reprogramming in M2 phenotype. The stimulation with IL-4, IL-13, IL-10, TGF-β, or GC provokes the metabolic reprogramming of macrophages into the anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2). In M2 macrophages, arginine is metabolized to collagen and ornithine by arginase-1 (Arg-1) in the urea cycle. The M2 phenotype relies on FAO and OXPHOS to generate energy. FAO supplies energy to generate acetyl-CoA which enters the TCA cycle and OXPHOS producing higher amounts of ATP than glycolysis. Besides, the anti-inflammatory macrophages can yield pro-resolving molecules, such as IL-10 and TGF-β, thus promoting tissue repair and remodeling. See text for details.
