Figure 3. Signaling pathways triggering pro-inflammatory (M1) reprogramming. Stimulation by IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα triggers IKKβ to phosphorylate and degrade IκB, resulting in the release of NF-κB (p50-p65). NF-κB (p50-p65) enters the nucleus and binds to its target DNA response elements, activating pro-inflammatory genes. In addition, JNK is phosphorylated and activates c-Jun, subsequently activating pro-inflammatory target genes, which are partly common with NF-κB. See text for details.