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. 2021 Apr 6;12:583654. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.583654

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Copyright © 2021 Harinarayan, Akhila and Shanthisree

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Rural survey (Table 1 ) (22): (A) Distribution percent of children and adults according to daily intake of cereals & millets as percent of RDI. B Distribution percent of children and adults according to daily intake of milk & milk products as percent of RDI. (C) Distribution percent of children and adults according to daily intake of cereals & millets as percent of RDI in different states. children 1–3 years consumed >70% of RDI. The highest consumption of >70% of RDI was seen in Karnataka, MP, Orissa, 61%–65% in UP, 36%–45% in TN, AP, Gujarat, WB and only 19% in Kerala. Similar trend was seen in children with 4–6 years, 10–12 years boys & girls. More than 2/3 of men from Karnataka, AP, Gujarat, Orissa, UP consumed >70% of RDI of cereals & millets, 50-60% in TN, Maharashtra, WB and only 40% of subjects from Kerala. Similarly, >60% of women from TN, Karnataka, AP, Gujarat, MP, Orissa, UP consumed >70% of the RDI and the lowest was 31% from Kerala. (D) Distribution percent of children and adults according to daily intake of milk & milk products as percent of RDI in different states. 1–3 years children- 75-95% of children from Karnataka, AP, Gujarat, MP and Orissa consumed <50% of the RDI, except TN-with 53%. Less than 10% of children from the above states consumed >70% of RDI(TN-31.8%). Only 0.4% of children from Orissa consumed >70% of milk & milk products. Similar trend was seen in children 4–6 years, 10–12 years boys & girls. 65%–90% of men consumed <50% of RDI of milk & milk products. More than 70% of RDI consumption was seen in TN(53%), Gujarat(59%), Kerala(29%). (E) Average consumption of cereals & millets- Time trends showing a decline in consumption of cereals & millets by 20% in the past 4 decades. (F) Average consumption of milk & milk products- Time trends showing a decline in consumption of milk & milk products in the past 4 decades. (G) Graph depicting milk production and per capita availability for year 2011–2012. The consumption data of the rural survey for year 2011–2012 is superposed. Graph clearly depicts the low consumption of milk despite adequate availability. (H) Distribution of percent of children & adults–intake of calcium as percent of RDA. (I) Distribution of percent of children according to RDA of calcium in different states. Between 70%–85% of children, adolescent boys & girls of all the states have low calcium intake (<50% of RDA). Less than 15% of children (1–3 years) from Kerala, Karnataka, AP, Maharashtra, Gujarat, MP, Orissa, and 25%–30% of children from TN, WB and UP had intake of >70% of RDA. Similar pattern was seen in 4–6 years, 10–12 years boys & girls age group, only 10%–12% of subjects from all the states of age group 13–15 years boys & girls had an RDA of calcium >70%. (J) Distribution of percent of adults according to RDA of calcium in different states. Sedentary men-51 and 65% of subjects from TN, Gujarat and 25%–35% of subjects from AP, Maharashtra and Orissa had a calcium intake of >70% of RDA. Moderately active men->70% of RDA of calcium was met with by 35%–42% of the subjects from all states except Gujarat(50.8%), Maharashtra and WB (21%). Amongst the non-pregnant women 35%–45% of subjects from all states, except Gujarat (55%) and WB (27%), met with >70% of RDA of calcium. Uniformly, only 25%–35% of subjects of moderately active non-pregnant women met with adequate RDA of >70% with exception of Maharashtra (19%) and WB (16%). Less than 10% of pregnant women of all states except Kerala (21%) met with RDA limit of >70%. 65%–75% of them had RDA of <50% except Maharashtra (97%) and MP (96%). Similar scenario seen in lactating women. (K) Average calcium intake children time trends showing a decline in calcium intake over the past 4 decades. (L) Average calcium intake adults time trends showing a decline in calcium intake over the past 4 decades. RDI-Recommended Daily Dietary Intake; RDA-Recommended Daily Dietary Allowance; HH- Households; B-Boys; G-girls; WOMEN NPNL SED-women: non-pregnant, non-lactating and sedentary; WOMEN NPNL MOD-women: non-pregnant non-lactating and moderate; WOMEN PREG SED-women: pregnant and sedentary; WOMEN PREG LACT-women: pregnant and lactating; MEN SED-men: sedentary; MEN MOD-men: moderate; TN-Tamil Nadu; WB-West Bengal; MAHA-Maharashtra; KAR-Karnataka; AP-Andhra Pradesh; GUJ-Gujarat; MP-Madhya Pradesh; UP-Uttar Pradesh.