Table 1.
Virus-regulated miRNAs known to play roles in modulating cell death pathways
| Virus | Viral protein | miRNA | Expression of miRNA | Target of miRNA | Inhibition/ induction of cell death | Disease | Sample type | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HPV 16 | E7 | miR-27b | up | polo-like kinase2 | inhibition of apoptosis | cervical cancer |
in vitro (SiHa and CaSki) | 31 |
| HPV 16 | E7 | miR-21 | up | – | inhibition of apoptosis | cervical cancer |
in vitro (HeLa) | 117 |
| HPV 16 and 18 | E6 | miR-34a | down | – | inhibition of apoptosis | cervical cancer |
human (cervical cancer tissue samples) in vitro (SiHa, HeLa, CaSki) |
118 |
| HPV 16 | E6 | miR-2861 | down | CCND1, EGFR, AKT2 | inhibition of apoptosis | cervical cancer |
human (n = 57 cervical cancer tissue samples) in vitro (SiHa and CaSki) |
119 |
| HPV 16 | E6 | miR-23b | down | c-MET | inhibition of apoptosis | cervical cancer | in vitro (SiHa) | 120 |
| HPV 16 | E5 | miR-196a | down | HoxB8 | inhibition of apoptosis | cervical cancer |
in vitro (HeLa, SiHa) | 121 |
| HPV 16 and 18 | E6, E7 | miR-18a | up | STK4 | inhibition of apoptosis | cervical cancer |
human (cervical cancer tissue samples) in vitro (SiHa, HeLa, CaSki, SW756, C33A) |
122 |
| EBV | EBNA2 | miR-34a | down | PD-L1 | inhibition of apoptosis | Burkitt’s lymphoma | in vitro (Mutu I and Mutu III, Daudi, Jijoye, LCL, OMA4, U2932) | 123 |
| EBV | LMP2A | miR-155-5p | up | Smad2 | inhibition of apoptosis | gastric cancer | in vitro (GT39, SNU719, EBVnGC, HGC27, SGC7901) | 124 |
| EBV | LMP1 | miR-21 | up | PDCD4, Fas-L | inhibition of apoptosis | nasopharyngeal carcinoma | in vitro (C666-1 HONE1, CNE2) | 125 |
| EBV | LMP1 | miR-155 | up | UBQLN1 | inhibition of apoptosis | nasopharyngeal carcinoma | human (n = 8 radio-resistant tissue samples of NPC) in vitro (CNE-1, CNE-2) |
126 |
| EBV | – | miR-155 | up | – | inhibition of apoptosis | B cell lymphoma | in vitro (EF3D, SDLCL) | 32 |
| EBV | LMP1 | miR-155 | up | PTEN | inhibition of apoptosis | B cell lymphoma | in vitro (SKW6.4 rituximab resistance) | 127 |
| EBV | EBNA1 | miR34a | down | – | inhibition of apoptosis | gastric cancer | in vitro (SNU719) | 128 |
| EBV | – | miR-194 | down | IL-10 | inhibition of apoptosis | PTLD | human (n = 6 PBMC samples of PTLD) in vitro |
129 |
| HBV | HBx | miR-21 | up | IL-12 | inhibition of apoptosis | HCC | in vitro (HepG2.2.15) | 130 |
| HBV | HBx | miR-21 | up | PDCD4, PTEN |
inhibition of apoptosis | HCC | in vitro (HepG2, Huh7) | 131 |
| HBV | HBx | miR-181a | up | PTEN | inhibition of apoptosis | HCC | in vitro (HepG2) | 132 |
| HBV | HBx | miR-192-5p | up | BIM | inhibition of apoptosis | HCC | in vitro (HepG2) | 133 |
| HBV | HBx | miR-331-3p | up | ING5 | inhibition of apoptosis | HCC | human (HCC tissue samples) in vitro (HepG2.2.15, SMMC7721) |
134 |
| HBV | HBx | miR-602 | up | RASSF1A | inhibition of apoptosis | HCC | human (n = 21 HCC tissue samples) (HepG2.2.15, HepG2-HBX) |
135 |
| HBV | – | miR-15a | down | Smad7 | inhibition of apoptosis | HCC | human (n = 40 HCC tissue samples) in vitro (HepG2-4D14, HepG2-C5)/in vivo |
136 |
| HBV | – | miR-30e-5p | down | MAP4K4 | inhibition of apoptosis | HCC | human (n = 55 HCC tissue samples) in vitro (HepG2.2.15, Hep3B) |
137 |
| HBV | – | miR-15a/16 Cluster | down | Bcl-2 | inhibition of apoptosis | HCC | human (n = 40 HCC tissue samples) in vitro (HepG2.2.15)/in vivo |
138 |
| HBV | HBx | miR-1236 | down | alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) | inhibition of apoptosis | HCC | human (n = 97 tissue samples of HCC) in vitro/in vivo | 139 |
| HBV | HBx | miR-1270 | down | alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) | inhibition of apoptosis | HCC | human (n = 97 HCC tissue samples) in vitro/in vivo |
139 |
| HBV | – | miR-101-3p | down | Rab5a | inhibition of apoptosis | HCC | in vitro (SMMC-7721, HepG2.2.15) | 140 |
| HBV | HBx | miR-15a and 15b | down | CCND1 | inhibition of apoptosis | HCC | in vitro (SK-HEP-1, Huh7, HepG2) | 141 |
| HBV | HBx | miR-16 | down | CCND1 | inhibition of apoptosis | HCC | in vitro (SK-HEP-1, Huh7, HepG2) | 141 |
| HBV | HBx | let-7 | down | – | inhibition of apoptosis | HCC | human (n = 19 HCC tissue samples) in vitro (HepG2.2.15) |
142 |
| HBV | HBx | miR-193b | down | – | inhibition of apoptosis | HCC | human (HCC tissue samples) in vitro |
143 |
| HBV | HBx | miR-548p | down | HBXIP | inhibition of apoptosis | HCC | human (n = 21 HCC tissue samples) in vitro (Hep3B, HepG2.2.15) |
144 |
| HBV | HBx | miR-375 | down | AEG-1 | inhibition of apoptosis | HCC | in vitro (SMMC-7721, HepG2-HBx) | 145 |
| HBV | HBx | miR-136 | down | AEG-1 | inhibition of apoptosis | HCC | in vitro (SMMC-7721, HepG2-HBx | 145 |
| HBV | HBx | miR-192 | down | – | inhibition of apoptosis | HCC | in vitro (HepG2) | 146 |
| HBV | HBx | miRNA-145 | down | CUL5 | inhibition of apoptosis | HCC | human (n = 25 HCC tissue samples) in vitro (HepG2.2.15) |
147 |
| HBV | HBc, HBx |
miR-328-3p | up | FOXO4 | inhibition of apoptosis | – | in vitro (THLE-2) | 148 |
| HBV | – | miR-98-5p | up | NF-κB | induction of apoptosis | HCC | human (n = 30 HCC tissue samples) in vitro (MHCC97H, Huh7) |
149 |
| HCV | – | miR-155 | up | APC | inhibition of apoptosis | HCC | human (n = 10 HCC tissue samples) in vitro (Huh7)/In vivo |
150 |
| HCV | core | miR-345 | up | p21Waf1/Ci1 | inhibition of apoptosis | – | in vitro (Huh7) | 151 |
| HCV | core | miR-93 | up | – | inhibition of apoptosis | – | in vitro (Huh7) | 151 |
| HCV | core | miR-30c | down | – | inhibition of apoptosis | HCC | human (n = 152 HCC tissue samples) in vitro (HepG2) |
152 |
| HCV | core | miR-203a | down | – | inhibition of apoptosis | HCC | human (n = 152 HCC tissue samples) in vitro (HepG2) |
152 |
| HCV | NS5A | miR-503 | down | Bcl-2 | inhibition of apoptosis | – | in vitro (HepG2) | 153 |
| HCV | – | miR-193b | down | Mcl-1 | inhibition of apoptosis | HCC | in vitro (Hep-394) | 154 |
| HCV | – | miR-181c | down | ATM | inhibition of apoptosis | – | human (n = 8 tissue samples of chronically HCV-infected) in vivo (HepG2) |
155 |
| HTLV-1 | Tax | miR-155 | up | – | inhibition of apoptosis | ATLL | in vitro (MT-2, C5/MJ, ED-40515) | 156 |
| HTLV-1 | Tax | miR-130b | up | TP53INP1 | inhibition of apoptosis | ATLL | human (PBMC samples of ATLL) in vitro (MT-4) | 157 |
| HTLV-1 | – | miR-93 | up | TP53INP1 | inhibition of apoptosis | ATLL | human (PBMC samples of ATLL) in vitro (MT-4) | 157 |
| Influenza A | – | miR-29c | up | BCL2L2 | induction of apoptosis | influenza | in vitro (A549) | 158 |
| GaHV-2 | Meq | miR-21 | up | PDCD4 | inhibition of apoptosis | Marek’s disease, lymphoma | in vitro (MSB-1) | 159 |
| Rotavirus | NSP5 | miR-142-5p | up | SMAD3, TGFβR2 | inhibition of apoptosis | – | in vitro (HT29) | 160 |
| HSV-1 | – | miR-23a | up | IRF1 | inhibition of apoptosis | – | in vitro (HeLa) | 161 |
| HBV | HBx | miR-194-5p | up | cFLIP, SODD | induction of apoptosis | HCC | in vitro (HepG2) | 133 |
| HCV | – | miR-200c | up | FAP1 | induction of apoptosis | hepatic fibrosis | human (n = 10 tissue samples of HCV fibrosis) | 162 |
| Influenza A (H1N1) | – | miR-34a | down | Bax | induction of apoptosis | influenza | human (n = 10 influenza serum samples) in vitro (A549) | 163 |
| Enterovirus 71 | – | let-7b | up | CCND1 | induction of apoptosis | – | in vitro (SH-SY5Y) | 164 |
| West Nile virus | – | Hs_154 | up | ECOP, CTCF | induction of apoptosis | – | In vitro (SK-N-MC and HEK293) | 165 |
| RSV | NS1 | miR-24 | down | – | induction of apoptosis | – | In vitro (A549) | 166 |
| HBV | HBx | miR-192-3p | down | XIAP | induction of autophagy | hepatitis B | human (serum samples of hepatitis B) in vitro (HepG2.2.15) |
167 |
| HBV | HBsAg | miR-155 | up | SOCS1/Akt/mTOR | induction of autophagy | – | in vitro (HepG2, HepG2.2.15) | 168 |
| Enterovirus 71 | – | miR-30a | down | Beclin-1 | induction of autophagy | – | in vitro (Vero, Hep2) | 116 |
| HBV | – | miR-224 | up | Smad4 | inhibition of autophagy | HCC | human (HCC tissue samples) in vivo | 169 |
| HPV 16 | E7 | miR-106a | up | LKB1 | inhibition of autophagy | cervical cancer | human (n = 91 cervical cancer tissue samples) in vitro (SiHa, HeLa, CaSki, HEK293T) |
170 |
| HBV | HBx | miR-7 | up | maspin | inhibition of anoikis | HCC | human (n = 69 HCC tissue samples) in vitro (HepG2x, Hep3Bx, HepG2.2.15) |
75 |
| HBV | HBx | miR-107 | up | maspin | inhibition of anoikis | HCC | human (n = 69 HCC tissue samples) in vitro (HepG2x, Hep3Bx, HepG2) |
75 |
| HBV | HBx | miR-21 | up | maspin | inhibition of anoikis | HCC | human (n = 69 HCC tissue samples) in vitro (HepG2x, Hep3Bx, HepG2) |
75 |
PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell.