Table 2.

Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS) behaviors.

Behavior	Description
Wet dog shakes	Rapid shaking of the whole body
Jumps	Sudden leaping such that all four paws are off the bottom of the chamber
Face cleaning	The continuous movement of paws towards the face
Wall climbing	Putting both forepaws on the wall of the observation chamber; typically, with movement
Ultrasonic vocalizations	Vocalizations in the ultrasonic range (20–128 kHz)
Tremor	Spontaneous shaking or kicking of the hind limbs with full-body movement; Shaking, twitching, curling, or sweeping movement of the tail